Table 5.
Oral cleft defects and average VOC exposure*, first trimester, Camp Lejeune, 1968–1985
| |
Controls |
Oral clefts Unadjusted |
p-value |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|
| # (%) | # (%) OR (95%CI) | |||
|
PCE |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
304 (57.8) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Low (>0- < 44 ppb) |
111 (21.1) |
4 (16.7) |
0.6 (0.2-2.0) |
0.43 |
| High (≥ 44 ppb) |
111 (21.1) |
3 (12.5) |
0.5 (0.1-1.7) |
0.25 |
| Unexposed |
304 (57.8) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb) |
37 (7.0) |
2 (8.3) |
1.0 (0.2-4.4) |
0.96 |
| Above MCL (> 5 ppb) |
185 (35.2) |
5 (20.8) |
0.5 (0.2-1.3) |
0.16 |
| Unexposed |
304 (57.8) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
222 (42.2) |
7 (29.2) |
0.6 (0.2-1.4) |
0.21 |
|
TCE |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
253 (48.1) |
15 (62.5) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Low (>0- ≤ 2 ppb) |
130 (24.7) |
4 (16.7) |
0.5 (0.2-1.6) |
0.25 |
| High (> 2 ppb) |
143 (27.2) |
5 (20.8) |
0.6 (0.2-1.7) |
0.32 |
| Unexposed |
253 (48.1) |
15 (62.5) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Below MCL (>0- ≤ 5 ppb) |
212 (40.3) |
6 (25.0) |
0.5 (0.2-1.3) |
0.13 |
| Above MCL (>5 ppb) |
61 (11.6) |
3 (12.5) |
0.8 (0.2-3.0) |
0.77 |
| Unexposed |
253 (48.1) |
15 (62.5) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
273 (51.9) |
9 (37.5) |
0.6 (0.2-1.3) |
0.17 |
|
Benzene |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
432 |
21 (87.5) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
94 |
3 (12.5) |
0.7 (0.2-2.2) |
0.50 |
|
Vinyl Chloride |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
301 (57.2) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Low (>0- < 3 ppb) |
141 (26.8) |
4 (16.7) |
0.5 (0.2-1.5) |
0.22 |
| High (≥ 3 ppb) |
84 (16.0) |
3 (12.5) |
0.6 (0.2-2.2) |
0.47 |
| Unexposed |
301 (57.2) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Below MCL (>0- ≤ 2 ppb) |
74 (14.1) |
4 (16.7) |
1.0 (0.3-3.0) |
0.94 |
| Above MCL (> 2 ppb) |
151 (28.7) |
3 (12.5) |
0.4 (0.1-1.2) |
0.10 |
| Unexposed |
301 (57.2) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed |
225 (42.8) |
7 (29.2) |
0.6 (0.2-1.4) |
0.19 |
|
DCE |
|
|
|
|
| Unexposed |
300 (57.0) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Low (>0- < 5 ppb) |
116 (22.1) |
4 (16.7) |
0.6 (0.2-1.8) |
0.38 |
| High (≥ 5 ppb) |
110 (20.9) |
3 (12.5) |
0.5 (0.1-1.7) |
0.25 |
| Unexposed |
300 (57.0) |
17 (70.8) |
1.0 (ref.) |
|
| Exposed | 226 (43.0) | 7 (29.2) | 0.5 (0.2-1.3) | 0.19 |
*when possible, we divided the exposed group by the 50th percentile level among controls (low and high); we excluded categorizations where there were <2 exposed cases in a cell.