Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Variable | Baby-Friendly Hospitals N=276 |
Non-Baby-Friendly Hospitals N=505 |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intervention (N = 136) | Control (N = 140) | p a | Intervention (N = 239) | Control (N = 266) | p a | |||||
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
| Single motherb | 0 | 0.0 | 0 | 0.0 | – | 2 | 0.8 | 1 | 0.4 | 0.501 |
| Having family budget worriesb | 16 | 14.4 | 17 | 15.2 | 0.872 | 25 | 12.8 | 24 | 10.3 | 0.435 |
| Education level of high school or lessb | 43 | 31.6 | 41 | 29.3 | 0.674 | 54 | 22.6 | 52 | 19.5 | 0.401 |
| Primiparous | 44 | 34.4 | 53 | 39.3 | 0.412 | 110 | 48.5 | 101 | 40.1 | 0.065 |
| Mistimed pregnancy | 43 | 31.9 | 47 | 33.6 | 0.761 | 56 | 23.5 | 63 | 24.0 | 0.911 |
| Unwanted pregnancy | 5 | 3.8 | 4 | 3.0 | 0.709 | 7 | 3.0 | 6 | 2.4 | 0.671 |
| No experience of exclusive breastfeeding for more than 3 months | 59 | 43.4 | 67 | 47.9 | 0.456 | 147 | 61.5 | 136 | 51.5 | 0.024 |
| Infant feeding intention | ||||||||||
| Exclusive breastfeeding | 116 | 85.3 | 126 | 90.6 | 0.203 | 153 | 64.8 | 187 | 70.6 | 0.167 |
| Partial breastfeeding | 18 | 13.2 | 13 | 9.4 | – | 79 | 33.5 | 77 | 29.1 | – |
| Not decided | 2 | 0.7 | 0 | 0.0 | – | 4 | 1.7 | 1 | 0.4 | – |
| Expecting no support for breastfeeding from a partner | 39 | 28.7 | 39 | 27.9 | 0.880 | 66 | 27.6 | 88 | 32.7 | 0.214 |
| Delivery by caesarian sectionb | 10 | 8.8 | 9 | 8.0 | 0.826 | 25 | 13.0 | 31 | 13.2 | 0.951 |
| Returning to work within 6 months after deliveryb | 7 | 6.2 | 14 | 12.5 | 0.104 | 9 | 4.6 | 15 | 6.5 | 0.401 |
| Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form scorec | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 43.1 | (10.8) | 42.4 | (11.5) | 0.608 | 40.5 | (10.8) | 40.3 | (11.0) | 0.900 |
| Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale scored | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 64.6 | (6.5) | 65.6 | (6.3) | 0.406 | 63.1 | (5.6) | 62.4 | (5.9) | 0.191 |
| Family Apgar scoree | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 8.3 | (2.3) | 8.4 | (2.1) | 0.855 | 8.8 | (1.8) | 8.5 | (2.0) | 0.084 |
| Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale scoref | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 4.3 | (4.2) | 4.8 | (4.8) | 0.406 | 4.6 | (4.1) | 5.0 | (4.7) | 0.234 |
| Age (years) | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 31.1 | (4.2) | 30.1 | (4.9) | 0.099 | 30.5 | (5.0) | 31.1 | (4.6) | 0.212 |
| Birth weight (g) | ||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 3,111.2 | (342.9) | 3,168.7 | (319.3) | 0.198 | 3,078.8 | (337.6) | 3,146.3 | (345.4) | 0.045 |
aChi square tests were used for categorical comparison of data. Differences in the means of continuous variables were tested using independent sampl t tests
bMeasured before discharge
cMeasuring breastfeeding self-efficacy with 14 items. Total scores range from 14 to 70, with higher scores indicating higher levels of breastfeeding self-efficacy
dMeasuring attitude towards infant feeding with 17 items. Total scores range from 17 to 85, with higher score indicating more positive attitude to breastfeeding
eMeasuring general family support with 5 items. Total scores range from 5 to 10, with higher score indicating more supportive function available for women
fMeasuring depressive symptomatology with 10 items. Total scores range from 0 to 30, with higher scores indicating higher depressive symptomatology