Table 1.

Investigation on the threshold for thermal osteonecrosis.

Authors (year)	Species investigated	Conclusions
Moritz and Henriques (1946)	Pig	•An increase in temperature above 70 °C causes immediate damage of epithelial cells
Bonfield and Li (1968)	Dog	•Irreversible bone changes occur when heated to 56 °C
Lundskog (1972)	Rabbit	•Temperature of 55 °C for 30 s will induce irreversible death of the bone cells
Eriksson and Albrektsson (1983)	Rabbit	•47 °C for 1 min causes thermal necrosis of cortical bone