RT-PCR (gels) and qPCR (bar graphs) measurements of gene expression are shown for D. melanogaster (A), D. simulans (B), D sechellia (C), D. yakuba (D) and D. erecta (E). In each species, expression of putative jb and karr orthologs was compared between the testes (t), the remaining male carcass (c for), and whole females (f). In D. melanogaster, D. yakuba, and D. simulans, male accessory glands were also assayed (a). Multiple orthologs of CG15323 exist in D. simulans and D. sechellia and expression was measured for the three “collinear” copies in D. simulans. Only GD15554 (Dsim/karr-1) and GM17452 (Dsec/karr-1) in D. sechellia showed the characteristic expression pattern seen in the other species. Expression of jb and karr was also measured in D. melanogaster male larvae (ml) and female larvae (fl).