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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Jan 4.
Published in final edited form as: Ecol Lett. 2012 Jan 18;15(4):365–377. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01736.x

Figure 2.

Figure 2

The three directions of responses to climate change through phenotypic plasticity or evolutionary responses : moving in space (dispersing to areas with suitable habitat or changing location on a microhabitat scale), shifting life history traits in time (adjusting life cycle events to match the new climatic conditions, including phenology and diurnal rhythms), or changing life history traits in its physiology to cope with new climatic conditions. Species can cope with climate change by shifting along one or several of these three axes.