Figure 5.

Issues and challenges for climate change driven biodiversity loss. Examples of each are presented and discussed in the main text. The issues are in the first box, which represents the main factors of uncertainty and the direction of the likely current bias (green factors and arrow down is a likely overestimation, while red factors and arrow up is a likely underestimation; both can occur simultaneously, according to the approach taken in different studies; black factors and question marks are for unknown direction of mis-estimation; double arrow means very large expected effect). Challenge types range from quantitative (such as increasing the number of studies and the quantity of available data, or extend the focus of studies to include more factors) to more qualitative ones (developing new tools and progressing in resolving complexity).