Table 1.
Characteristics of pregnant women.
| Characteristics | Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | Global P value* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Underweight (<18.5) | Normal weight (18.5–24.9) | Overweight and obese (≥25.0) | |||||
| (n = 208; 1,486 visits) | (n = 661; 4,756 visits) | (n = 169; 1,281 visits) | |||||
| Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | Mean | ±SD | ||
| Maternal age (year) | 22.8 | ±5.0 | 25.9 | ±6.3 | 28.1 | ±5.7 | <0.001 |
| Maternal height (cm) | 157.5 | ±6.1 | 155.6 | ±5.4 | 156.1 | ±5.6 | 0.011 |
| Prepregnancy weight (kg) | 42.9 | ±4.0 | 51.5 | ±5.4 | 69.0 | ±8.0 | <0.001 |
| Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 17.3 | ±1.1 | 21.2 | ±1.8 | 28.3 | ±2.7 | <0.001 |
| Total weight gain (kg) | 13.9 | ±4.0 | 13.9 | ±4.5 | 11.2 | ±5.2 | <0.001 |
| Gestational weight gain** (n, %) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Less than recommended | 79 | 38.0 | 197 | 29.9 | 27 | 16.0 | |
| Within recommended | 99 | 47.6 | 273 | 41.4 | 56 | 33.1 | |
| More than recommended | 30 | 14.4 | 189 | 28.7 | 86 | 50.9 | |
| Parity (n, %) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Nulliparous | 143 | 68.7 | 333 | 50.4 | 47 | 27.8 | |
| Multiparous | 65 | 31.3 | 328 | 49.6 | 122 | 72.2 | |
| GA at delivery (wk) | 39.1 | ±1.1 | 39.2 | ±1.1 | 39.3 | ±1.1 | 0.107 |
| Infant's sex (n, %) | 0.918 | ||||||
| Female | 101 | 48.6 | 294 | 44.5 | 84 | 49.7 | |
| Male | 107 | 51.4 | 367 | 55.5 | 85 | 50.3 | |
| Birth weight (gm) | 3,035.0 | ±318.4 | 3,126.5 | ±327.0 | 3,201.0 | ±302.3 | <0.001 |
|
| |||||||
| Settings (n, %) | 0.754 | ||||||
| Secondary care hospitals | 140 | 67.3 | 445 | 67.3 | 111 | 65.7 | |
| Tertiary care hospitals | 68 | 32.7 | 216 | 32.7 | 58 | 34.3 | |
| Gestational age by (n, %) | 0.051 | ||||||
| LMP | 115 | 55.3 | 424 | 64.2 | 109 | 64.5 | |
| Ultrasound | 93 | 44.7 | 237 | 35.8 | 60 | 35.5 | |
| GA at first ANC (wk) | 14.2 | ±5.2 | 12.7 | ±4.8 | 12.6 | ±4.9 | 0.001 |
| GA at ultrasound (wk) | 16.9 | ±5.4 | 15.8 | ±5.1 | 15.2 | ±5.3 | 0.037 |
| Frequency of ANC (per woman) | 6.9 | ±2.2 | 7.3 | ±2.1 | 7.5 | ±2.2 | 0.020 |
BMI: body mass index; GA: gestational age; LMP: last menstrual period; ANC: antenatal care.
*P value from nonparametric tests for trend.
**Recommendations by the Institute of Medicine (2009) [11]: underweight prepregnancy BMI (<18.5 kg/m2) = 12.5–18 kg; normal weight (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) = 11.5–16 kg; overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) = 7–11.5 kg; obese (≥30.0 kg/m2) = 5–9 kg.