Table 2.
Stem cell delivery of TRAIL.a
| Stem cell type | Form of TRAIL | Tumor type | Combination therapy | Principle findings | Refs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human UCB-MSCs | Adenoviral infection of secretable trimeric TRAIL | U87-MG | Irradiation of tumor | Irradiation enhances tumor tropism and therapeutic potential of SCs | [45] |
| Human BM-MSCs | Lentiviral infection of secretable TRAIL | Primary + Established human GBM | - | Use of real-time imaging to follow migration and therapeutic effect of MSCs on tumor volume in vivo | [47] |
| Human A-MSCs | Non-viral nucleofection of TRAIL | Rat glioma model | - | Reduction of tumor volume and significant survival benefit in vivo | [48] |
| Rat BM-MSCs | Adenoviral transduction of dodecomeric TRAIL | Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) | Co-expression of herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase | Complete elimination of established RCC in vivo | [50] |
| Human MSC/Mouse MSC | Secretable TRAIL | Established GBMs | Stem cells express herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase | Stem cells are eliminated after therapeutic effect by addition of the prodrug gancyclovir | [51] |
| MSCs | Secretable TRAIL introduced using non-viral PEI(600)-Cyd | Lung metastasis | - | Lung tumor homing and reduction in metastasis | [52] |
| Mouse NSCs | Lentiviral infection of secretable TRAIL | GBM6/8/12 in vitro, Gli36-EGFRVIII in vivo | PI-103 (PI3-kinase/mTOR inhibitor | PI-103 augments in vivo response of gliomas to TRAIL | [53] |
| Mouse NPCs | Lentiviral infection of secretable TRAIL | Human U87 established glioma model | Locked nucleic acid (LNA) anti-miR-21 oligonucleotides | Synergism with TRAIL resulting in eradication of tumor in vivo | [54] |
| Human MSCs | LV-TRAIL under tet promoter | Pulmonary metastasis model | Conditional expression of TRAIL using Dox | Cleared metastatic disease in lung metastasis model | [55] |
| Human A-MSCs | Secretable TRAIL | Malignant fibrous histiocytoma | - | Decrease in metastasis | [56] |
| Mouse NSC/Human MSC | Secretable TRAIL | Established + Primary GBMs | Stem cells encapsulated in sECM | Increased retention of stem cells within resection cavity | [64] |
| Human MSC | Inducible TRAIL | Breast + bone metastasis model | Stem cells encapsulated in silk scaffold | Halts breast cancer growth and decreases degree of bone and lung metastasis | [65] |
| Mouse NSC | LV-EGFR-Nanobody TRAIL (ENb2-TRAIL) | Established GBMs | - | Target EGFR and TRAIL signaling pathways simultaneously | [70] |
a
Abbreviations: UCB-MSCs, Umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells; BM-MSCs, Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells; A-MSCs, Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; NSCs, Neural stem cells; NPCs, Neural progenitor cells; sECM, synthetic extracellular matrix; EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor.