Table 4.
Estimated effect of dietary modification on risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer NMSC), according to selected baseline characteristics.
| Subgroup | Intervention | Comparison | HR (95% CI)a | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Events | Ann% | Events | Ann% | |||
| Overall | 1923 | 1.28 | 2984 | 1.32 | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | |
|
| ||||||
| Age | 0.17 | |||||
| 50–59 | 505 | 0.86 | 824 | 0.93 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | |
| 60–69 | 953 | 1.39 | 1472 | 1.44 | 0.98 (0.91, 1.07) | |
| 70–79 | 465 | 2.00 | 688 | 1.97 | 1.03 (0.91, 1.15) | |
|
| ||||||
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.26 | |||||
| <25 | 641 | 1.65 | 932 | 1.59 | 1.06 (0.96, 1.17) | |
| 25 to <30 | 687 | 1.28 | 1145 | 1.42 | 0.92 (0.84, 1.01) | |
| ≥30 | 589 | 1.03 | 896 | 1.05 | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) | |
|
| ||||||
| Langley exposureb | 0.74 | |||||
| ≤375 | 908 | 1.23 | 1382 | 1.24 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | |
| >375 | 1015 | 1.33 | 1602 | 1.40 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.06) | |
|
| ||||||
| History of NMSC | 0.64 | |||||
| Yes | 471 | 5.96 | 754 | 5.99 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | |
| No | 1452 | 1.02 | 2230 | 1.05 | 0.97 (0.91, 1.04) | |
|
| ||||||
| Smoking | 0.93 | |||||
| Never | 956 | 1.25 | 1517 | 1.30 | 0.97 (0.89, 1.05) | |
| Past | 842 | 1.35 | 1287 | 1.40 | 0.98 (0.90, 1.07) | |
| Current | 103 | 1.07 | 156 | 1.03 | 1.02 (0.80, 1.31) | |
|
| ||||||
| NSAID use | 0.14 | |||||
| Yes | 634 | 1.31 | 1063 | 1.42 | 0.92 (0.84, 1.02) | |
| No | 1289 | 1.27 | 1921 | 1.28 | 1.01 (0.94, 1.08) | |
|
| ||||||
| Total vitamin D intake, IUc | 0.43 | |||||
| <400 | 1053 | 1.15 | 1643 | 1.19 | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) | |
| ≥400 | 863 | 1.48 | 1330 | 1.53 | 0.99 (0.91, 1.08) | |
|
| ||||||
| Total energy intake, kcal | 0.62 | |||||
| <1296 | 397 | 1.07 | 672 | 1.20 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | |
| 1296 to <1677 | 525 | 1.39 | 737 | 1.32 | 1.06 (0.95, 1.19) | |
| 1677 to <2150 | 512 | 1.37 | 824 | 1.47 | 0.93 (0.83, 1.04) | |
| ≥2150 | 482 | 1.30 | 740 | 1.31 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | |
|
| ||||||
| Percent energy from total fat, % | 0.20 | |||||
| <33.8 | 512 | 1.36 | 803 | 1.47 | 0.95 (0.85, 1.06) | |
| 33.8 to <36.9 | 489 | 1.30 | 783 | 1.35 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | |
| 36.9 to <40.8 | 488 | 1.34 | 753 | 1.34 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.13) | |
| ≥40.8 | 427 | 1.14 | 634 | 1.14 | 1.01 (0.90, 1.15) | |
|
| ||||||
| Total fat intake, grams | 0.44 | |||||
| <52.4 | 412 | 1.11 | 696 | 1.24 | 0.92 (0.81, 1.04) | |
| 52.4 to <69.0 | 504 | 1.34 | 762 | 1.36 | 0.99 (0.89, 1.11) | |
| 69.0 to <91.2 | 516 | 1.37 | 784 | 1.41 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.10) | |
| ≥91.2 | 484 | 1.31 | 731 | 1.29 | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | |
|
| ||||||
| Vegetable and fruit servings/day | 0.67 | |||||
| <2.3 | 391 | 1.01 | 621 | 1.07 | 0.94 (0.83, 1.07) | |
| 2.3 to <3.3 | 455 | 1.25 | 727 | 1.33 | 0.95 (0.85, 1.07) | |
| 3.3 to <4.6 | 507 | 1.39 | 738 | 1.35 | 1.04 (0.93, 1.16) | |
| ≥4.6 | 563 | 1.49 | 887 | 1.55 | 0.98 (0.88, 1.09) | |
|
| ||||||
| Grain servings/day | 0.95 | |||||
| <3.0 | 435 | 1.19 | 690 | 1.25 | 0.99 (0.87, 1.11) | |
| 3.0 to <4.3 | 515 | 1.31 | 797 | 1.40 | 0.96 (0.86, 1.07) | |
| 4.3 to <5.9 | 526 | 1.45 | 766 | 1.42 | 1.00 (0.90, 1.12) | |
| ≥5.9 | 440 | 1.18 | 720 | 1.24 | 0.97 (0.86, 1.09) | |
a
All models were adjusted for age, assignment in the Hormone Therapy trial, and assignment in the Calcium/Vitamin D trial
b
Based on the mean annual amount of sunlight reaching the clinic site as measured by the US Weather Bureau; 1 langley = 1 g-cal/cm2
c
From diet and supplements