Table 5.

Associative models of detecting glaucoma using pupillography developed by different methods and their sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUROC)

	Odds ratio (95% Confidence Interval)
	Univariate	Combined model	Stepwise forward	Forward selection (Akaike information criterion)	Full model
Age (per 1 year older)	1.06 (1.03 to 1.10)	1.04 (1.01 to 1.08)	1.04 (1.00 to 1.08)	1.03 (0.99 to 1.07)	1.04 (1.00 to 1.08)
Between-eye
Amplitude (per 0.1 unit)	1.97 (1.55 to 2.51)	1.72 (1.35 to 2.19)	1.71 (1.32 to 2.20)	1.64 (1.26 to 2.14)	1.67 (1.27 to 2.19)
Latency (per 0.1 unit)	1.35 (1.10 to 1.65)	-	-	-	0.97 (0.73 to 1.28)
Time to Max Dilation (per 0.1 unit)	1.87 (1.42 to 2.46)	-	1.61 (1.15 to 2.26)	1.62 (1.15 to 2.28)	1.53 (1.07 to 2.19)
Within-eye
Amplitude (per 0.1 unit)	1.05 (1.01 to 1.08)	1.03 (0.99 to 1.07)	-	-	1.02 (0.98 to 1.07)
Latency (per 0.1 unit)	1.04 (0.99 to 1.09)	-	-	-	0.99 (0.93 to 1.06)
Time to Max Dilation (per 0.1 unit)	1.17 (1.05 to 1.30)	-	1.15 (1.01 to 1.30)	1.16 (1.02 to 1.32)	1.17 (1.02 to 1.34)
Individual-eye
Amplitude (per 0.1 ratio decrease)	5.36 (2.77 to 10.38)	2.10 (0.99 to 4.44)	-	1.89 (0.80 to 4.44)	2.35 (0.95 to 5.84)
Latency (per 0.01 sec)	1.42 (1.23 to 1.64)	-	1.22 (1.03 to 1.44)	1.19 (1.00 to 1.42)	1.07 (0.86 to 1.34)
Time to Max Dilation (per 0.1 sec)	1.43 (1.06 to 1.93)	-	-	-	1.42 (0.89 to 2.27)
Overall
AUROC	0.78 (0.73 to 0.84)	0.84 (0.79 to 0.89)	0.86 (0.82 to 0.91)	0.87 (0.82 to 0.91)	0.87 (0.83 to 0.92)
Sensitivity (at specificity=0.80)	0.68 (0.61 to 0.77)	0.80 (0.68 to 0.86)	0.74 (0.66 to 0.85)	0.78 (0.65 to 0.86)	0.80 (0.65 to 0.88)
Specificity (at sensitivity=0.80)	0.47 (0.32 to 0.66)	0.77 (0.45 to 0.90)	0.71 (0.58 to 0.87)	0.75 (0.57 to 0.88)	0.80 (0.62 to 0.93)
5-fold cross validation
AUROC	0.78 (0.72 to 0.84)	0.83 (0.77 to 0.88)	0.85 (0.80 to 0.90)	0.85 (0.80 to 0.90)	0.84 (0.78 to 0.89)
Sensitivity (at specificity=0.80)	0.70 (0.60 to 0.78)	0.76 (0.60 to 0.85)	0.72 (0.66 to 0.82)	0.76 (0.62 to 0.85)	0.74 (0.57 to 0.86)
Specificity (at sensitivity=0.80)	0.44 (0.30 to 0.65)	0.71 (0.51 to 0.87)	0.70 (0.66 to 0.84)	0.71 (0.52 to 0.88)	0.75 (0.54 to 0.85)
Visual field MD< −5 dB
AUROC	0.82 (0.76 to 0.87)	0.88 (0.83 to 0.93)	0.89 (0.84 to 0.94)	0.89 (0.84 to 0.94)	0.90 (0.86 to 0.95)
Sensitivity (at specificity=0.80)	0.74 (0.65 to 0.84)	0.87 (0.75 to 0.93)	0.81 (0.70 to 0.90)	0.84 (0.70 to 0.91)	0.84 (0.74 to 0.92)
Specificity (at sensitivity=0.80)	0.59 (0.38 to 0.89)	0.87 (0.70 to 0.94)	0.81 (0.62 to 0.94)	0.81 (0.67 to 0.94)	0.84 (0.69 to 0.96)
Visual field MD≥ −5 dB
AUROC	0.71 (0.61 to 0.81)	0.76 (0.67 to 0.85)	0.81 (0.73 to 0.89)	0.81 (0.73 to 0.89)	0.82 (0.74 to 0.90)
Sensitivity (at specificity=0.80)	0.56 (0.44 to 0.74)	0.66 (0.50 to 0.78)	0.62 (0.50 to 0.80)	0.68 (0.48 to 0.80)	0.72 (0.41 to 0.86)
Specificity (at sensitivity=0.80)	0.32 (0.21 to 0.56)	0.45 (0.32 to 0.83)	0.68 (0.38 to 0.81)	0.61 (0.45 to 0.84)	0.68 (0.49 to 0.87)