Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Cohort by Gender
| Variables | Total (N=775) Mean ± SD |
Men (N=352) Mean ± SD |
Women (N=423) Mean ± SD |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | 59.0 ± 15.7 | 59.9 ± 16.1 | 58.2 ± 15.3 | 0.1400 |
| Time of follow up (year) | 9.3 ± 6.0 | 9.3 ± 6.1 | 9.2 ± 5.9 | 0.6623 |
| Race (White) | 423 (57.2) | 237 (56.0) | 206 (58.5) | 0.4816 |
| Height, (cm) | 169.2 ± 9.5 | 176.5 ± 7.3 | 163.2 ± 6.3 | < .0001 |
| Weight (kg) | 75.3 ± 15.3 | 83.4 ± 12.8 | 68.5 ± 13.9 | < .0001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 26.2 ± 4.4 | 26.7 ± 3.8 | 25.7 ± 4.9 | 0.0008 |
| Waist circumference (WC) (cm) | 87.5 ± 12.2 | 94.4 ± 9.7 | 81.8± 11.0 | < .0001 |
| Smoking (ever) | 360 (46.5) | 195 (55.4) | 165 (39.0) | < .0001 |
| HR (bpm) | 67.0 ± 11.0 | 65.3 ± 11.5 | 68.8 ± 10.2 | <.0001 |
| SBP (mm Hg) | 125.7 ± 17.9 | 128.5 ± 17.3 | 123.4 ± 18.1 | < .0001 |
| DBP (mm Hg) | 72.7 ± 11.6 | 75.5 ± 11.3 | 70.4 ± 11.4 | < .0001 |
| MAP (mm Hg) | 90.4 ± 11.8 | 93.2 ± 11.5 | 88.0 ± 11.6 | < .0001 |
| Pulse pressure (mm Hg) | 53.0 ± 16.0 | 53.0 ± 15.1 | 53.0 ± 16.7 | 0.9650 |
| PWV (m/s) | 8.6 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 1.9 | 8.3 ± 1.9 | 0.0002 |
| Traditional cardiovascular risk factors | ||||
| Total Cholesterol (mg/dl) | 190.2 ± 38.3 | 184.5 ± 35.5 | 194.9 ± 40.0 | 0.0002 |
| LDL (mg/dl) | 113.9 ± 34.3 | 112.6 ± 31.9 | 115.0 ± 35.8 | 0.3426 |
| HDL (mg/dl) | 54.9± 16.8 | 48.9 ± 14.9 | 59.9 ± 16.7 | < .0001 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dl) | 104.6 ± 65.6 | 112.2 ± 75.3 | 98.4 ± 55.7 | 0.0036 |
| Glucose (mg/dl) | 98.6 ± 15.7 | 101.5 ± 18.5 | 96.3 ± 12.6 | < .0001 |
| Creatinine (mg/dl) | 0.98 ± 0.24 | 1.09 ± 0.22 | 0.89 ± 0.21 | <.0001 |
| Systolic BP categories | ||||
| SBP Category 1 (< 120 mmHg) | 308 (39.7) | 119 (33.8) | 189 (44.7) | 0.0023 |
| SBP Category 2 (120–139 mmHg) | 291 (37.6) | 132 (37.5) | 159 (37.5) | 0.9858 |
| SBP Category 3 (≥ 140 mmHg) | 176 (22.7) | 101 (28.7) | 75 (17.7)‡ | <.0001 |
| Hypertension (HTN), n (%) | 321 (41.4) | 170 (48.3) | 151 (35.7)† | 0.0004 |
| On HTN meds, baseline, n (%) | 234 (30.2) | 122 (34.7) | 112 (26.5) | 0.0135 |
| On HTN meds, followup, n (%) | 400 (51.6) | 203 (57.7) | 197 (46.6) | 0.0021 |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 428 (55.2) | 194 (55.1) | 234 (55.3) | 0.9104 |
| On hyperlipidemia meds, n (%) | 185 (23.9) | 88 (25.0) | 97 (22.9) | 0.5018 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 74 (9.6) | 49 (13.9) | 25 (5.9) | 0.0345 |
| Diabetes on meds, n (%) | 28 (37.8) | 19 (38.8) | 9 (36.0) | 0.1356 |
BMI: Body mass index HR (bpm) Heart Rate (beat per minute). PWV: pulse wave velocity. SBP: systolic blood pressure. DBP: diastolic blood pressure. MAP: mean arterial pressure. LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.