Table 4.
Men and women exposed to various traumatic episodes during life time, in 1994 and in the past 3 years, presented by sex with p-values for sex difference in lifetime estimates
|
Traumatic events
|
Men life time |
Women life time |
p-values difference lifetime |
Men 1994 + -1 year |
Women 1994 + -1 year |
Men past 3 years |
Women past 3 years |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | ||
|
1. Imprisoned, kidnapped, held captive |
69 |
15.7 |
25 |
5.2 |
< 0.001 |
3 |
0.7 |
5 |
1.0 |
21 |
4.8 |
6 |
1.3 |
|
2. Been a refugee, forced to flee from home to escape danger/persecution |
96 |
21.8 |
132 |
27.7 |
0.055 |
56 |
12.7 |
64 |
13.4 |
4 |
0.9 |
5 |
1.0 |
|
3. Experienced forced separation from family members |
19 |
4.3 |
35 |
7.3 |
0.122 |
6 |
1.4 |
12 |
2.5 |
1 |
0.2 |
2 |
0.4 |
|
4. Experienced a life-threatening injury |
80 |
18.2 |
53 |
11.1 |
0.001 |
13 |
3.0 |
16 |
3.4 |
14 |
3.2* |
5 |
1.0* |
|
5. Experienced a murder or unnatural death of a family member or a friend |
99 |
22.5 |
124 |
26.0 |
0.248 |
37 |
8.4 |
47 |
9.9 |
10 |
2.3 |
9 |
1.9 |
|
6. Robbed, mugged, threatened with a weapon |
75 |
17.0 |
82 |
17.2 |
0.930 |
10 |
2.3 |
21 |
4.4 |
14 |
3.2 |
16 |
3.4 |
|
7. Experienced imprisonment of close family member |
206 |
46.8 |
248 |
52.0 |
0.129 |
39 |
8.9 |
35 |
7.3 |
26 |
5.9 |
29 |
6.1 |
|
8. Witnessed a traumatic event to a loved one |
136 |
30.9 |
170 |
35.6 |
0.093 |
17 |
3.9 |
24 |
5.0 |
29 |
6.6 |
30 |
6.3 |
|
9. Ever been raped by a stranger |
5 |
1.1 |
17 |
3.6 |
0.011 |
1 |
0.2 |
1 |
0.2 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
0.2 |
|
10. Ever felt forced to have sex in exchange of money or other benefits? |
6 |
1.4 |
25 |
5.2 |
0.001 |
0 |
0.0 |
1 |
0.2 |
3 |
0.7 |
2 |
0.4 |
|
11. Witnessed repeated violence between family members |
25 |
5.7 |
49 |
10.3 |
0.011 |
7 |
1.6 |
6 |
1.3 |
4 |
0.9 |
7 |
1.5 |
|
12. Witnessed physical/sexual violence against a family member by someone outside of the family |
18 |
4.1 |
36 |
7.5 |
0.034 |
3 |
0.7 |
6 |
1.3 |
3 |
0.7 |
8 |
1.7 |
|
13. Witnessed someone being badly injured or killed |
43 |
9.8 |
88 |
18.4 |
< 0.001 |
14 |
3.2** |
36 |
7.5** |
5 |
1.1 |
5 |
1.0 |
|
14. Witnessed atrocities, e.g. mass killings, mutilated bodies |
88 |
20.0 |
73 |
15.3 |
0.083 |
62 |
14.1** |
38 |
8.0** |
1 |
0.2 |
4 |
0.8 |
|
15. Been in a combat situation |
56 |
12.7 |
58 |
12.2 |
0.765 |
16 |
3.6 |
16 |
3.4 |
10 |
2.3 |
10 |
2.1 |
|
16. Any other life threatening or disturbing event |
74 |
16.8 |
83 |
17.4 |
0.860 |
29 |
6.6 |
29 |
6.1 |
12 |
2.7 |
8 |
1.7 |
| Summary measure of all traumatic events | 323 | 73.4 | 399 | 83.6 | 0.132 | 165 | 37.5 | 169 | 35.4 | 110 | 25.0 | 110 | 23.1 |
*P < 0.05; **p < 0.005.
N = 917, men 440; women 477.