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Number of SWs required to achieve complete stone comminution (all debris <2 mm). The “per-shock” efficiency of conventional SWL was observed to increase as the shock rate was decreased. The incorporation of bubble removal pulses resulted in a drastic reduction in the number of SWs required for complete treatment at both 120 and 60 SW/min, while bubble removal produced no detectable difference in comminution efficacy at the lower rate of 30 SW/min.
