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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 May 1.
Published in final edited form as: Dev Psychopathol. 2013 May;25(2):10.1017/S0954579412001095. doi: 10.1017/S0954579412001095

Table 3.

Group means and comparisons of mental health and academic outcomes at age 12 for chronic victims of bullying, PS victims, SS victims, and nonvictimized children

Group Means
Comparison Between Groups
NonVictims
(N = 1255)
M (SD)
PS Victims
(N = 400)
M (SD)
SS Victims
(N = 205)
M (SD)
Chronic Victims
(N = 286)
M (SD)
Chronic Vs.
Nonvictims
β (95% CIs)
Chronic Vs. PS
Victims
β (95% CIs)
Chronic Vs. SS
Victims
β (95% CIs)
Nonvictims Vs. PS
Victims
β (95% CIs)
Mental Health Outcomes

Mother and teacher reports
  Internalizing
  problems 9.3 (6.9) 10.8 (8.0) 13.4 (8.8) 16.7 (10.8) −0.6 (−0.8, −0.4) −0.4 (−0.6, −0.3) −0.2 (−0.4, −0.0) 0.1 (0.0, 0.2)
  Externalizing
  problems 13.4 (12.4) 15.0 (13.4) 18.3 (15.7) 24.5 (19.4) −0.3, (−0.5, −0.2) −0.3 (−0.5, −0.2) −0.2 (−0.4, −0.0) 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)
Child reports
  Depressive
  symptoms 2.1 (3.5) 3.1 (4.8) 4.0 (6.0) 7.0 (8.8) −0.8 (−1.1, −0.6) −0.6 (−0.9, −0.4) −0.5 (−0.7, −0.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)
  Anxiety
  symptoms 7.2 (2.8) 7.7 (3.0) 7.8 (3.5) 9.2 (3.3) −0.6 (−0.8, −0.5) −0.5 (−0.6, −0.3) −0.4 (−0.6, −0.2) 0.2 (0.1, 0.3)

Academic Outcomes
Math 2.3 (0.9) 2.2 (1.0) 1.9 (0.8) 1.8 (0.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.3 (0.1, 0.5) 0.0 (0.2, 0.2) 0.0 (−0.1, 0.1)
English 2.3 (0.9) 2.1 (0.9) 1.9 (0.9) 1.7 (0.9) 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) 0.2 (−0.0, 0.3) −0.1 (−0.2, 0.1) −0.1 (−0.2, 0.0)

Note: Means and standard deviations are presented as raw scores; betas from regression analyses are standardized. Adjusted regression analyses controlling for age 5 individual characteristics (internalizing and externalizing symptoms, gender, IQ) and age 5 family characteristics (Socioeconomic status, social support, and child maltreatment). To investigate whether gender differentially influenced the associations between each bullying victimization status and each outcome, an interaction term (gender by mental health or school achievement outcome) was included in regression models. None of the interaction terms yielded improvements in the fit of models above and beyond main effects only. Thus, analyses were conducted for the whole sample collapsed across gender. PS, primary school; SS, secondary school; CI, confidential interval.

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