Table II.

GSH, TNF-α and MDA levels in rats.

Group	GSH (ng/ml)	TNF-α (ng/l)	MDA (nmol/mg prot)
C1	0.78±0.13	119.39±34.81	0.53±0.09
M1	0.57±0.06a	343.83±20.61a	1.11±0.10a
T1	0.71±0.06b	275.93±34.12b	0.90±0.06b
C2	0.67±0.05	162.68±13.50	0.51±0.04
M2	0.48±0.07b,c	427.83±53.59b,c	1.45±0.15b,c
T2	0.59±0.05d	308.64±25.62d	0.98±0.22d

Results are presented as the mean ± standard deviation. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the model groups (M1 and M2) were higher than those in the control groups (C1 and C2), respectively (P<0.05), and those in glutamine treatment groups (T1 and T2) were lower compared with those in the model group, at each time-point (P<0.05). The glutathione (GSH) level in the model group was significantly lower than that in the normal control at the same time-point (P<0.05); whereas that in the glutamine treatment group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P<0.05).

^aP<0.05 compared with group C1;

^bP<0.05 compared with group M1;

^cP<0.05 compared with group C2;

^dP<0.05 compared with group M2.