Table 1.
Chemotherapy in metastatic pituitary corticotroph carcinomas.
| Author, year of publication | Age | Gender | Metastatic sites | Chemotherapy | Chemotherapy cycles/duration, doses, and response | Treatments prior to chemotherapy | Ki-67 | Patient outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Farrell et al., 2003 [12] | 34 | F | Pelvic, vertebrae, and ribs | VCR, carboplatin, and etoposide | Not tolerated | TSS, XRT, metyrapone, ketoconazole, SR, TMZ, bADX, and OCT | 3% | Death from progression |
| Gaffey et al., 2002 [13] | 59 | F | Liver | CTX, VCR, and dacarbazine | 8 cycles lowered ACTH from 3000 pg/mL to 450 pg/mL |
TSS, bADX, XRT, SR, and OCT | NR | Alive at publication |
| Jouanneau et al., 2012 [14] | 45 | M | Craniocervical | Everolimus | 3 months, progressive disease | TMZ, pituitary surgery, SR, XRT, and bADX | Low | Death from progression |
| Kaiser et al., 1983 [15] | 17 | F | Liver, lung, pelvis, vertebrae, and mediastinum | Adriamycin, 5-FU, and CTX | 4 Cycles lowered 1800 h IR-ACTH from 175,000 pg/mL to 75,000 pg/mL |
Pituitary surgery, XRT, and bADX | NR | Alive at publication |
| Moshkin et al., 2011 [16] | 38 | M | Vertebrae | Bevacizumab | 16 months, stable disease | TSS, XRT, and TMZ | 1–5% | Alive at publication |
| Nawata et al., 1990 [17] | 53 | M | Liver, lung, and brain | Mitotane and HCFU | Progressive disease | Pituitary surgery, XRT | Death from progression | |
| Raverot et al., 2010 [7] | 31 |
M | NR | BCNU and TMZ | 6 cycles of combination therapy, progressive disease | TSS, SR, TMZ, and bADX | 20% | NR |
| Thearle et al., 2011 [18] | 50 | M | Bone, vertebrae | Capecitabine and TMZ Cisplatin and etoposide |
4 cycles lowered ACTH from 1874 pg/mL to 85 pg/mL 2 cycles, 40% decrease in tumor volume on MRI brain |
TSS, gamma knife, ketoconazole, metyrapone, OCT, bADX, cabergoline, and rosiglitazone | 31% | Enrolled in hospice after 2 cycles of cisplatin and etoposide |
| Van der Klaauw et al., 2009 [4] | 23 | M | Bone, liver | Doxorubicin, CTX, and etoposide | 2 cycles, not tolerated | XRT, ketoconazole, TSS, brachytherapy, bADX, and OCT | NR | Death from progression |
bADX: bilateral adrenalectomy; BCNU: carmustine; CTX: cyclophosphamide; DA: dopamine agonists; 5-FU: fluorouracil; HCFU (carmofur): 1-hexylcarbamoyl-5-fluorouracil; OCT: octreotide; SA: somatostatin analogs; SR: stereotactic radiosurgery; TMZ: temozolomide; TSS: transsphenoidal surgery; VCR: vincristine; XRT: external beam radiation therapy; NR: not reported; IR-ACTH: immunoreactive ACTH (normal range 5–45 pg/mL at 1800 h).