Table 2.

Cognitive measures in ACTIVE

Domain	Measure	Description	Source
Memory	Auditory Verbal Learning Test (AVLT)	Assessed older adults’ memory for lists of unrelated words. Participants were presented with recorded lists of 15 words presented at 2 second intervals, followed by a 2 minute recall period. Following five presentations of this list, participants were presented with a new list of 15 words and subsequently asked to recall words from the new list. Recall of the original list was then again assessed to measure learning. Finally recognition memory for words on the original list was evaluated. Score for word lists is the number of words correctly recalled.	Rey, 1941
	Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT)	A word list task, similar to AVLT. Lists were composed of 12 related words from familiar semantic domains (e.g., animals, vegetables). The original word list was presented as described for the AVLT, followed by a 2 minute recall period. Following three presentations of the list and an intervening unrelated activity, participants’ recognition memory for words on the original list was assessed. Score for word lists is the number of words correctly recalled.	Brandt, 1991
	Rivermead Behavioral Memory Test: Prose Memory	Participants listened to tape recordings of 4–5 sentence paragraphs and then were given 3 minutes to write down as much of the story as they could recall. Score is the number of propositions correctly recalled, verbatim or in gist.	Wilson, Cockburn, & Baddeley, 1985
Reasoning	Word Series	The individual is shown a series of words that involve a pattern (e.g., months of year, days of week) and must identify the pattern and use the pattern to determine next item in the series.	Gonda & Schaie, 1985
	Letter Series	The pattern in a series of letters must be identified and used to determine the next item in the series	Thurstone & Thurstone, 1949
	Letter Sets	Five sets of letters are shown with four sets following the same pattern. The set not following the pattern must be identified.	Ekstrom, French, Harman, & Derman, 1976
Visuospatial Speed	Useful Field of View	Speed of processing was assessed with the Useful Field of View (UFOV ®) test. This computer- administered measure provides an index of the stimulus duration needed to perform a variety of visual search tasks of increasing cognitive complexity at 75% correct. Each of four subtests (stimulus identification alone, divided attention, and selective attention) have a possible range from 16 to 500 msec, with the total score ranging from 48 to 1500 msec. The four subtests represent increments in difficulty, ranging from fairly simple (determining which of 2 objects—car or truck—appears in a fixation box in the center of a 17″ color computer touch screen) to fairly complex (judging which configuration of objects - 2 cars, 2 trucks, car and truck - appears in a fixation box, while simultaneously identifying the location of a peripheral target on the outside of a cluttered display). The score represents latency in msec.	Ball, Owsley, Sloane, Roenker & Bruni, 1993; Owsley, Ball, Sloane, Roenker & Brune, 1991
Processing Speed	Digit Symbol	Participants see a template with nine symbols corresponding to nine digits. Participants are then given rows of digits with empty spaces below them; participants are asked to complete with as many matching symbols as they can in 90 seconds. The measure assesses attention and speed (motor, perceptual, visual scanning).	Wechsler, 1981
Vocabulary	Crystallized Intelligences	Word recognition task in which participants must match a target word to one of four possible synonyms;	Ekstrom, French, Harman, & Derman, 1976