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A: intra-VTA injection of Ex-4 (0.05 μg; vehicle, 100 nl of aCSF) increased VTA tyrosine hydrolase (TH; normalized to β-actin) 15 min after drug administration. B: representative immunoblots for TH and β-actin are shown. *P ≤ 0.05 compared with aCSF. Data are shown as means ± SE.
