Table 1.

NEFA, glycerol, lactate, and alanine concentrations and balances

		Postprandial Period, min
Group and Parameter	Basal Period	30	60	120	180	240	300	360	450	510
Arterial plasma NEFA, μmol/l*
Control	813 ± 129	283 ± 44	150 ± 35	110 ± 30	94 ± 20	73 ± 7	77 ± 9		289 ± 130
Lixisenatide	673 ± 111	558 ± 153†	443 ± 156	263 ± 101	199 ± 58	146 ± 37	125 ± 27		154 ± 38
Arterial blood glycerol, μmol/l*
Control	92 ± 15	39 ± 7	26 ± 6	21 ± 5	23 ± 4	21 ± 4	26 ± 5	62 ± 14	54 ± 9	78 ± 15
Lixisenatide	69 ± 12†	51 ± 13	40 ± 10	30 ± 10	25 ± 6	26 ± 5	20 ± 3	34 ± 5†	45 ± 17	47 ± 16†
Net hepatic glycerol uptake, μmol·kg−1·min−1
Control	1.0 ± 0.5	0.5 ± 0.2	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.3 ± 0.1	0.2 ± 0.1	0.5 ± 0.2	1.5 ± 0.7	0.6 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.4
Lixisenatide	1.3 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.3	0.9 ± 0.3	0.6 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.5 ± 0.2	0.4 ± 0.0	0.6 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.4	0.5 ± 1.1
Arterial blood lactate, μmol/l*
Control	645 ± 118	784 ± 178	1,122 ± 124	875 ± 104	742 ± 79	736 ± 94	745 ± 103	719 ± 50	999 ± 142	1,104 ± 195
Lixisenatide	654 ± 109	663 ± 158†	612 ± 121†	607 ± 80†	568 ± 45	533 ± 46	543 ± 66	612 ± 90	788 ± 70	837 ± 162
Net hepatic lactate output, μmol·kg−1·min−1
Control	3.9 ± 6.6	16.5 ± 3.8	18.6 ± 5.0	10.8 ± 4.8	9.7 ± 3.8	7.6 ± 2.8	8.0 ± 3.4	17.5 ± 9.0	16.6 ± 3.5	18.6 ± 5.5
Lixisenatide	4.3 ± 2.8	9.9 ± 5.8	10.6 ± 5.2	10.4 ± 3.6	8.2 ± 1.5	7.4 ± 1.7	6.6 ± 1.6	11.0 ± 2.6	14.9 ± 4.6	13.6 ± 6.7
Arterial blood alanine, μmol/l*
Control	381 ± 45	417 ± 45	428 ± 46	386 ± 24	351 ± 19	335 ± 12	363 ± 19	405 ± 18	512 ± 34	541 ± 51
Lixisenatide	379 ± 44	356 ± 49	342 ± 46†	311 ± 28†	294 ± 17	294 ± 19	294 ± 15†	311 ± 17	353 ± 17	386 ± 37
Net gut alanine output, μmol·kg−1·min−1
Control	0.9 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 0.5	2.1 ± 0.7	2.6 ± 0.7	2.9 ± 0.7	3.6 ± 0.9	3.2 ± 0.8	2.2 ± 0.6	2.1 ± 0.4	1.2 ± 0.2
Lixisenatide	0.8 ± 0.1	0.7 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.3	2.0 ± 0.8	1.8 ± 0.5	2.4 ± 0.6	2.3 ± 0.6	2.2 ± 0.3	1.6 ± 0.5	1.8 ± 0.3
Net hepatic alanine uptake, μmol·kg−1·min−1
Control	2.6 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 0.3	3.9 ± 0.8	4.7 ± 0.6	5.0 ± 0.8	4.7 ± 0.9	4.4 ± 0.8	2.8 ± 0.7	2.3 ± 0.8	2.7 ± 1.2
Lixisenatide	2.5 ± 0.4	2.7 ± 0.5	3.0 ± 0.6	4.1 ± 1.8	3.6 ± 0.7	4.4 ± 0.8	3.7 ± 0.7	3.2 ± 0.6	3.2 ± 0.7	3.6 ± 0.7

Data are means ± SE. NEFA, nonesterified fatty acid.

^*Significant differences between groups in their responses over time identified by ANOVA (P < 0.05);

^†time points where post hoc testing indicated differences between groups.