Table 4.

Outcomes of artificial bowel sphincter

Ref.	Year	Patients (n)	Explanted devices (n)	Success (percentage of patients), intention to treat	Complications
Lehur et al[93]	2000	24	7	83%	Obstructed defecation
Altomare et al[94]	2001	28	3	75%	Obstructed defecation, infection, device erosion
Devesa et al[95]	2002	53	10	65%	Perforation, infection, sepsis, device erosion, pain, impaction
Wong et al[97]	2002	112	41	53%	Infection, pain
Lehur et al[101]	2002	16	4	69%	Erosion
Parker et al[96]	2003	45	18	49%	Infection, pain
O’Brien et al[98]	2004	14	1	NR as percentage	Obstructed defecation, non-healing of wound
Melenhorst et al[103]	2008	33	7	NR as percentage	Pain, perforation, infection, obstructed defecation
Ruiz Carmona et al[99]	2009	17	11	53%	Infection, erosion
Wexner et al[90]	2009	51	31	NR as percentage	Infection, malfunction, erosion, pain
Wong et al[100]	2011	52	14	67%	Perforation, cuff leak

NR: Not reported.