Table 5.

Mean task performance as a function of training group and session.

Transfer results				WM-REAS 1		WM = REAS 2		Active control		No-contact
Task	Measure	Group (4) × session	Group (3) × session	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post	Pre	Post
Digit Symbol	Total correct	F(3,163) = 0.739, p = 0.530, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.013	F(2,122) = 1.072, p = 0.346, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.017	93.881 (2.123)	99.69 (1.979)	91.525 (2.175)	99.775 (2.028)	96.093 (2.098)	103.093 (1.956)	94.786 (2.123)	101.762 (1.979)
Pattern Comparison	Mean correct	F(3,166) = 1.065, p = 0.366, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.019	F(2,124) = 1.629, p = 0.200, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.026	21.465 (0.529)	23.442 (0.5)	20.575 (0.549)	22.225 (0.518)	21.682 (0.523)	22.716 (0.494)	21.651 (0.529)	23.291 (0.5)
Letter Comparison	Mean correct	F(3,166) = 0.370, p = 0.775, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.007	F(2,124) = 0.304, p = 0.739, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.005	13.302 (0.359)	13.57 (0.397)	12.50 (0.373)	13.062 (0.412)	12.977 (0.355)	13.523 (0.392)	13.058 (0.359)	13.779 (0.397)
Logical Memory	Total correct	F(3,166) = 0.252, p = 0.860, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.005	F(2,124) = 0.090, p = 0.914, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.001	48.535 (1.373)	52.721 (1.353)	48.325 (1.423)	52.575 (1.403)	48.227 (1.357)	52.977 (1.338)	49.14 (1.373)	52.581 (1.353)
Word Recall	Total correct	F(3,166) = 1.275, p = 0.285, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.023	F(2,123) = 0.862, p = 0.425, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.014	53.651 (0.939)	58.512 (0.86)	52.692 (0.986)	58.974 (0.903)	53.341 (0.928)	58.636 (0.85)	54.302 (0.939)	58.884 (0.86)
Paired Associates	Accuracy	F(3,160) = 1.105, p = 0.349, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.020	F(2,118) = 1.360, p = 0.261, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.023	0.618 (0.039)	0.701 (0.035)	0.716 (0.04)	0.791 (0.035)	0.661 (0.039)	0.807 (0.035)	0.678 (0.038)	0.8 (0.034)
Form Boards	Total correct	F(3,165) = 0.462, p = 0.709, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.008	F(2,123) = 0.249, p = 0.780, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.004	9.628 (0.624)	12.326 (0.642)	9.897 (0.656)	12.872 (0.674)	10.909 (0.617)	13.364 (0.634)	10.14 (0.624)	12.302 (0.642)
Paper Folding	Total correct	F(3,166) = 0.775, p = 0.509, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.014	F(2,124) = 0.587, p = 0.557, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.009	7.953 (0.343)	8.698 (0.301)	8.8 (0.355)	9.3 (0.312)	8.932 (0.339)	9.773 (0.297)	8.279 (0.343)	9.256 (0.301)
Spatial Relations	Total correct	F(3,164) = 0.232, p = 0.874, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.004	F(2,123) = 0.191, p = 0.827, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.003	11.535 (0.675)	13.023 (0.623)	12.1 (0.7)	13.25 (0.646)	13.395 (0.675)	14.674 (0.623)	12.452 (0.683)	14 (0.63)
Letter Sets	Total correct	F(3,162) = 0.271, p = 0.846, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.005	F(2,121) = 0.333, p = 0.718, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.005	12.095 (0.252)	12.571 (0.249)	12.564 (0.261)	12.744 (0.258)	12.884 (0.249)	13.14 (0.246)	12.381 (0.252)	12.786 (0.249)
Shipley Abstract	Total correct	F(3,166) = 0.163, p = 0.921, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.003	F(2,124) = 0.197, p = 0.821, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.003	15.814 (0.326)	16.86 (0.294)	15.325 (0.338)	16.575 (0.305)	15.909 (0.322)	17.114 (0.291)	15.419 (0.326)	16.674 (0.294)
Matrix Reasoning	Reasoning accuracy	F(3,164) = 0.559, p = 0.643, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.010	F(2,124) = 0.629, p = 0.535, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.010	79.302 (1.456)	73.411 (1.513)	78.667 (1.509)	71.25 (1.569)	77.689 (1.439)	72.955 (1.496)	78.211 (1.491)	73.415 (1.55)
	Control accuracy	F(3,164) = 0.080, p = 0.971, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.001	F(2,124) = 0.106, p = 0.900, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.002	97.519 (0.55)	97.597 (0.652)	97.083 (0.57)	96.667 (0.676)	97.803 (0.544)	97.727 (0.644)	97.48 (0.563)	97.48 (0.668)
Bloxorz	Last level completed	F(3,158) = 0.422, p = 0.738, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.008	F(2,119) = 0.094, p = 0.910, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.002	4.317 (0.153)	4.976 (0.153)	4.41 (0.157)	5.154 (0.157)	4.405 (0.151)	5.119 (0.151)	4.35 (0.155)	5.225 (0.155)
Dodge	Last level completed	F(3,159) = 3.199, p = 0.025, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.057	F(2,118) = 2.192, p = 0.116, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.036	8.897 (0.144)	9.538 (0.109)	8.925 (0.142)	9.45 (0.107)	8.929 (0.139)	9.167 (0.105)	9.095 (0.139)	9.167 (0.105)
Attentional Blink	Lag 8 – lag 2 accuracy	F(3,164) = 4.327, p = 0.006, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.073	F(2,124) = 5.085, p = 0.008, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.076	0.345 (0.045)	0.298 (0.045)	0.39 (0.046)	0.269 (0.047)	0.347 (0.044)	0.402 (0.044)	0.469 (0.046)	0.358 (0.046)
	Lag 2 accuracy	F(3,164) = 1.616, p = 0.118, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.029	F(2,124) = 1.749, p = 0.178, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.027	0.424 (0.039)	0.504 (0.044)	0.367 (0.04)	0.482 (0.045)	0.444 (0.038)	0.475 (0.043)	0.359 (0.04)	0.482 (0.045)
	Lag 8 accuracy	F(3,164) = 2.656, p = 0.050, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.046	F(2,124) = 3.407, p = 0.036, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.052	0.769 (0.026)	0.802 (0.024)	0.757 (0.027)	0.751 (0.025)	0.792 (0.026)	0.876 (0.024)	0.828 (0.027)	0.84 (0.025)
Trail Making	Trails B–A RT (s)	F(3,161) = 4.271, p = 0.006, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.074	F(2,119) = 2.090, p = 0.128, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.0341	26.958 (1.699)	20.863 (1.593)	25.746 (1.81)	23.232 (1.697)	21.241 (1.679)	20.146 (1.574)	21.657 (1.679)	24.489 (1.574)
	Trails A (s)	F(3,161) = 0.258, p = 0.856, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.005	F(2,119) = 0.007, p = 0.993, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ < 0.001	27.592 (1.423)	23.434 (0.995)	25.608 (1.516)	21.527 (1.061)	26.497 (1.406)	22.222 (0.984)	26.306 (1.406)	20.962 (0.984)
	Trails B (s)	F(3,161) = 3.596, p = 0.015, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.063	F(2,119) = 2.255, p = 0.109, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.037	54.549 (2.053)	44.297 (1.864)	51.354 (2.187)	44.759 (1.986)	47.737 (2.029)	42.368 (1.842)	47.963 (2.029)	45.451 (1.842)
Task Switching	Switch-repeat RT (ms)	F(3,159) = 0.539, p = 0.656, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.010	F(2,118) = 0.722, p = 0.488, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.012	267.731 (16.745)	259.396 (18.525)	290.985 (17.393)	272.458 (19.242)	246.059 (16.544)	258.306 (18.303)	274.598 (16.544)	276.566 (18.303)
	Switch-repeat accuracy	F(3,159) = 0.729, p = 0.536, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.014	F(2,118) = 0.177, p = 0.889, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.002	-0.021 (0.007)	-0.016 (0.008)	-0.019 (0.007)	-0.019 (0.009)	-0.015 (0.007)	-0.015 (0.008)	-0.016 (0.007)	-0.029 (0.008)
	Single-repeat RT (ms)	F(3,159) = 0.689, p = 0.560, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.013	F(2,118) = 0.714, p = 0.492, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.012	192.3 (15.638)	172.87 (14.56)	202.926 (16.243)	168.306 (15.123)	180.445 (15.45)	180.937 (14.385)	206.949 (15.45)	173.492 (14.385)
	Single-repeat accuracy	F(3,159) = 0.661, p = 0.577, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.012	F(2,118) = 0.956, p = 0.387, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.016	0.023 (0.012)	0.032 (0.011)	0.031 (0.012)	0.019 (0.012)	0.014 (0.012)	0.029 (0.011)	0.023 (0.012)	0.021 (0.011)
Attention Network Test	No cue – center, RT (ms)	F(3,152) = 0.063, p = 0.979, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.001	F(2,116) = 0.079, p = 0.924, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.001	21.315 (5.42)	23.341 (6.287)	18.001 (5.866)	24.66 (6.805)	14.248 (5.292)	20.26 (6.139)	18.173 (5.705)	24.184 (6.618)
	Location – center, RT (ms)	F(3,152) = 0.192, p = 0.902, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.004	F(2,116) = 0.057, p = 0.945, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.001	63.479 (6.695)	54.724 (7.472)	50.722 (7.246)	45.086 (8.087)	58.953 (6.537)	54.6 (7.296)	54.19 (7.047)	55.472 (7.865)
	Inc-con, RT (ms)	F(3,152) = 0.672, p = 0.571, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.013	F(2,116) = 0.759, p = 0.471, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.013	132.402 (9.33)	117.847 (8.849)	134.627 (10.099)	112.92 (9.578)	125.825 (9.111)	120.688 (8.641)	122.882 (9.822)	103.643 (9.315)
Stroop	Inc-neu, RT (ms)	F(3,162) = 1.019, p = 0.386, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.019	F(2,122) = 1.395, p = 0.252, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.022	51.439 (8.095)	45.966 (7.404)	47.529 (8.196)	53.566 (7.496)	62.07 (7.814)	47.242 (7.147)	59.814 (8.095)	59.616 (7.404)
	Inc-con, RT (ms)	F(3,162) = 0.100, p = 0.960, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.002	F(2,122) = 0.115, p = 0.891, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.002	82.642 (8.795)	78.122 (8.166)	87.682 (8.904)	82.264 (8.268)	80.306 (8.49)	80.088 (7.883)	85.58 (8.795)	85.25 (8.166)
Running Span	Total correct	F(3,163) = 1.847, p = 0.141, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.033	F(2,122) = 2.414, p = 0.094, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.038	21.833 (0.885)	21.952 (0.959)	22.2 (0.906)	21.525 (0.983)	20.721 (0.874)	22.814 (0.948)	21.19 (0.885)	22.738 (0.959)
Symmetry Span	Total correct	F(3,123) = 0.797, p = 0.498, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.019	F(2,83) = 1.129, p = 0.328, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.026	18.19 (1.811)	20.476 (1.972)	19.55 (1.312)	24.65 (1.429)	21.08 (1.659)	25.56 (1.807)	18.22 (1.296)	22.756 (1.411)
Spatial STM	Accuracy	F(3,164) = 2.436, p = 0.067, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.043	F(2,122) = 1.103, p = 0.149, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.031	0.882 (0.013)	0.852 (0.015)	0.862 (0.013)	0.853 (0.015)	0.883 (0.012)	0.892 (0.014)	0.856 (0.012)	0.878 (0.014)
	d′	F(3,164) = 0.822, p = 0.484, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.015	F(2,122) = 1.178, p = 0.311, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.019	2.941 (0.157)	2.807 (0.199)	2.641 (0.159)	2.634 (0.202)	2.846 (0.152)	3.065 (0.192)	2.789 (0.153)	2.95 (0.195)
Visual STM	Overall accuracy	F(3,165) = 0.443, p = 0.722, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.008	F(2,123) = 0.443, p = 0.643, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.007	0.795 (0.009)	0.795 (0.009)	0.804 (0.009)	0.795 (0.01)	0.812 (0.009)	0.806 (0.009)	0.795 (0.009)	0.795 (0.009)
	Overall d′	F(3,165) = 0.455, p = 0.714, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.008	F(2,123) = 0.502, p = 0.606, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.008	1.741 (0.065)	1.761 (0.07)	1.784 (0.068)	1.721 (0.072)	1.84 (0.065)	1.813 (0.07)	1.737 (0.065)	1.748 (0.07)
	Both d′	F(3,165) = 0.388, p = 0.761, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.007	F(2,123) = 0.324, p = 0.724, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.006	1.308 (0.11)	1.411 (0.105)	1.327 (0.114)	1.315 (0.109)	1.281 (0.11)	1.384 (0.105)	1.287 (0.11)	1.254 (0.105)
	Color d′	F(3,165) = 1.316, p = 0.271, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.023	F(2,123) = 1.249, p = 0.290, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.020	3.029 (0.182)	2.757 (0.192)	2.815 (0.188)	3.019 (0.199)	2.943 (0.182)	3.008 (0.192)	2.9 (0.182)	2.638 (0.192)
	Shape d′	F(3,165) = 0.357, p = 0.784, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.006	F(2,123) = 0.423, p = 0.656, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.007	1.857 (0.159)	1.887 (0.129)	1.842 (0.165)	1.674 (0.134)	1.979 (0.159)	1.884 (0.129)	1.999 (0.159)	1.803 (0.129)
N-back	2-Back d′	F(3,161) = 0.287, p = 0.835, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.005	F(2,120) = 0.432, p = 0.650, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.007	4.551 (0.361)	4.59 (0.355)	4.07 (0.38)	4.153 (0.373)	4.723 (0.357)	5.261 (0.351)	4.338 (0.361)	4.535 (0.355)
	3-Back d′	F(3,161) = 2.072, p = 0.106, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.037	F(2,120) = 2.049, p = 0.133, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.033	2.354 (0.219)	2.672 (0.26)	2.228 (0.23)	2.869 (0.273)	2.589 (0.216)	2.454 (0.257)	2.002 (0.219)	2.597 (0.26)
	2-Back accuracy	F(3,161) = 0.753, p = 0.522, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.014	F(2,120) = 0.923, p = 0.400, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.015	0.947 (0.007)	0.951 (0.009)	0.938 (0.008)	0.931 (0.009)	0.955 (0.007)	0.964 (0.009)	0.947 (0.007)	0.955 (0.009)
	3-Back accuracy	F(3,161) = 2.008, p = 0.115, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.036	F(2,120) = 1.271, p = 0.284, ${\mathrm{\eta }}_{\mathrm{p}}^{\mathrm{2}}$ = 0.021	0.882 (0.012)	0.88 (0.012)	0.85 (0.013)	0.878 (0.013)	0.861 (0.012)	0.878 (0.012)	0.845 (0.012)	0.885 (0.012)

ANOVA results are shown for analyses with and without the no-contact control group. Pre-subtraction data are only displayed for tasks where the difference or effect score was significant. Parentheses indicate ±SEM.