Table 1.
Sample sizes and descriptive data for the variables included for each time point, with standard deviations in parenthesis.
| Time | 1 |
2 |
3 |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Group | No music | Music | No music | Music | No music | Music |
| Total (N) | 280 | 59 | 225 | 48 | 48 | 17 |
| Females (N) | 135 | 33 | 110 | 30 | 22 | 10 |
| Neuroimaging (N) | 64 | 0 | 56 | 9 | 48 | 13 |
| Music (h/week) | 0 | 3.66 (4.98) | 0 | 4.29 (4.35) | 0 | 5.06 (4.98) |
| Physical activity (h/week) | 1.00 (2.17) | 1.42 (2.25) | 1.41 (2.46) | 1.29 (2.13) | 1.71 (2.76) | 1.18 (2.56) |
| TV/online/gaming (h/week) | 20.14 (15.61) | 20.29 (13.61) | 26.34 (17.09) | 24.31 (19.73) | 33.48 (21.78) | 23.47 (17.58) |
| Mother edu (years) | 12.79 (2.39) | 12.78 (2.26) | 12.83 (2.28) | 13.52 (2.52) | 12.59 (2.47) | 14.00 (2.82) |
| Father edu (years) | 12.03 (1.92) | 12.11 (2.28) | 12.09 (2.15) | 12.71 (2.75) | 12.34 (2.52) | 12.89 (3.65) |
| Age (years) | 12.01 (4.49) | 13.39 (4.38) | 13.68 (4.05) | 13.59 (3.92) | 16.8 (4.69) | 15.64 (5.76) |
| Dot matrix (raw score) | 25.38 (7.44) | 28.22 (5.95) | 27.93 (7.31) | 29.60 (6.55) | 30.44 (6.46) | 33.53 (6.88) |
| Digit recall (raw score) | 13.98 (5.61) | 16.50 (6.61) | 15.99 (5.64) | 16.81 (5.58) | 17.94 (5.14) | 20.53 (7.81) |
| Letters digit (raw score) | 22.37 (12.16) | 26.73 (11.87) | 27.81 (10.77) | 28.65 (11.50) | 32.64 (9.45) | 31.35 (10.87) |
| Raven (standardized) | -0.13 (0.87) | 0.44 (1.02) | 0.18 (0.80) | 0.42 (0.82) | 0.50 (0.71) | 0.70 (1.06) |
| Math (standardized)* | -0.31 (0.91) | 0.22 (0.92) | -0.19 (0.99) | -0.02 (0.97) | 0.41 (0.71) | 0.49 (0.81) |
| Reading (standardized)* | -0.15 (0.97) | 0.23 (0.86) | -0.05 (1.01) | 0.16 (0.87) | 0.49 (0.57) | 0.46 (0.55) |
*The academic tests were assessed through ages 8–25 and thus the Ns for the table do not encompass these two variables but had a total of 273 at T1.