Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics among Normal Weight (NW) and Overweight/Obese Women
| Metabolically Benign Normal Weight (n = 382) | At-Risk Normal Weight (n = 317) | Metabolically Benign Overweight/ Obese (n = 328) | At-Risk Overweight/ Obese (n = 866) | P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|||||
| Age, yrs | 70.0 (8.0) | 71.0 (8.0) §# | 68.0 (8.0) † | 69.0 (9.0) | < 0.001 |
| Race-Ethnicity, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
| White | 355 (93) | 272 (86) § | 276 (84) † | 721 (83) | |
| Others | 27 (7) | 45 (14) § | 52 (16) † | 145 (17) | |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.185 | ||||
| Never | 201 (53) | 151 (48) | 178 (55) | 470 (55) | |
| Former | 149 (40) | 137 (43) | 130 (40) | 344 (40) | |
| Current | 26 (7) | 27 (9) | 15 (5) | 45 (5) | |
| Education, % ≥ High School Income, n (%) | 369 (97) | 293 (93) § | 315 (96) ‡ | 788 (92) | < 0.001 |
| < $35,000 | 137 (39) | 147 (49) § | 153 (51) † | 452 (57) | |
| $35,000–$49,000 | 66 (19) | 69 (23) § | 55 (18) † | 149 (19) | |
| ≥ $50,000 | 146 (42) | 81 (27) § | 95 (31) † | 199 (25) | |
| Hormone Use, n (%) | 0.002 | ||||
| Never | 143 (37) | 122 (38) # | 140 (43) | 423 (49) | |
| Past | 75 (20) | 57 (18) # | 54 (16) | 145 (17) | |
| Current | 164 (43) | 138 (44) # | 134 (41) | 298 (34) | |
| Systolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 121.0 (22.0) | 136.0 (25.0) § | 124.0 (23.0) ‡ | 139.0 (22.0) | < 0.001 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure, mmHg | 71.0 (13.0) | 74.0 (12.0) §# | 74.0 (12.0) †‡ | 77.0 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| Total Cholesterol, mg/dL | 221.0 (44.0) | 235.0 (51.0) § | 230.0 (47.0) † | 234.0 (51.0) | < 0.001 |
| HDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 68.0 (21.0) | 55.0 (20.0) §# | 62.0 (18.0) †‡ | 49.0 (17.0) | < 0.001 |
| LDL Cholesterol, mg/dL | 126.6 (40.8) | 138.0 (46.2) § | 141.7 (45.3) † | 143.6 (51.2) | < 0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 110.0 (49.0) | 179.0 (86.0) § | 116.0 (46.0) ‡ | 184.0 (100.0) | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 91.0 (8.0) | 100.0 (16.0) §# | 93.0 (9.0) †‡ | 103.0 (23.0) | < 0.001 |
| C-Reactive Protein, mg/mL | 1.5 (2.6) | 2.7 (3.9) §# | 2.7 (4.2) †‡ | 4.2 (5.6) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated Blood Pressure, % | 151 (40) | 252 (80) § | 136 (42) ‡ | 733 (85) | < 0.001 |
| Low HDL Cholesterol, n (%) | 28 (7) | 151 (48) §# | 19 (6) ‡ | 515 (60) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated Triglycerides, n (%) | 53 (14) | 227 (72) § | 48 (14) ‡ | 640 (74) | < 0.001 |
| Elevated Glucose, n (%) | 29 (8) | 172 (54) §# | 33 (10) ‡ | 546 (63) | < 0.001 |
| Insulin, uU/mL | 3.7 (2.3) | 5.6 (3.6) §# | 5.8 (4.2) †‡ | 9.6 (7.9) | < 0.001 |
| HOMA-IR | 0.8 (0.5) | 1.3 (1.0) §# | 1.2 (0.9) †‡ | 2.3 (2.3) | < 0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 0 | 44 (14) §# | 0‡ | 191 (22) | < 0.001 |
| Aspirin Use, n (%) | 125 (33) | 120 (38) | 119 (36) | 360 (42) | 0.023 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.4 (2.6) | 23.2 (2.3) §# | 27.7 (4.3) †‡ | 29.5 (5.9) | < 0.001 |
| Waist Circumference, cm | 73.5 (8.9) | 77.5 (9.0) §# | 87.3 (14.4) †‡ | 92.0 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| Physical Activity, METs per week | 15.3 (19.4) | 11.4 (16.4) §# | 8.8 (16.3) † | 7.5 (15.0) | < 0.001 |
| Developed Stroke during WHI follow up, n (%) | 151 (40) | 166 (52) § | 132 (40) ‡ | 495 (57) | < 0.001 |
All continuous data presented as median (IQR); all categorical data presented as number (%)
Kruskal-Wallis test used to examine differences between groups for continuous data. Bonferroni test used for post-hoc analysis
Chi-square test used to examine differences between groups for categorical data. Bonferroni test used for post-hoc analysis
P value <0.05 for metabolically benign obese vs. metabolically benign normal weight
P value <0.05 for metabolically benign obese vs. at-risk obese
P value <0.05 for at-risk normal weight vs. metabolically benign normal weight
P value <0.05 for at-risk normal weight vs. at-risk obese
The Metabolically Benign Phenotype was defined as ≤1 of: elevated blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg or medication), elevated triglycerides (≥150mg/dL), elevated fasting glucose (≥100 mg/dL or medication), low HDL-C (<50mg/dL for women or medication).
The Metabolically At-Risk Phenotype was defined as ≥ 2 of: elevated blood pressure (≥130/85 mmHg or medication), elevated triglycerides (≥150mg/dL), elevated fasting glucose (≥100 mg/dL or medication), and low HDL-C (<50mg/dL for women or medication), OR If diabetic (self-report of diabetes treatment or fasting blood glucose ≥ 126 mg/dl).