Table 2. Some Features of Standard Police Interrogation Techniques that Increase False Memories.

Technique	Definition
1. Yes/no	Interviewees are asked to agree/disagree with pertinent items of information.
2. Multiple choice	Interviewees are asked to choose between alternative items of information.
3. Fill-in	Interviewees are asked to provide a pertinent item of information that is assumed to be true by interrogators.
4. Repetition	Interrogators ask questions again and again, even though they have been clearly answered.
5. Evidence exposure	Interrogators familiarize interviewees with evidence (e.g., pictures of victims or suspects or of details of crime scenes) that they will later be asked to “remember.”
6. Challenges	Once questions have been asked and answered, the answers are rejected, challenged, and interviewees are asked to consider whether other answers are correct.
7. Forced agreement	Interrogators demand that interviewees accede to pertinent items of information that interrogators assert to be true.
8. Forced  disagreement	Once questions have been asked and answered, the answers are rejected, interviewees are told that their answers are false, and they are asked to change previous answers.
9. Negative  reinforcement	Interviewees are punished (e.g., kept awake, deprived of food) or threatened with punishment (e.g., being charged as an accomplice in the crime under investigation, being charged with making false statements to a police investigator) for failure to provide pertinent items of information (e.g., confirming a victim’s description of a suspect).
10. Positive  reinforcement	Interviewees are rewarded (e.g., with sleep, with food) or promised future rewards (e.g., not being charged as an accomplice, not being charged with making false statements to a police investigator) for providing pertinent items of information (e.g., confirming a victim’s description of a suspect).
11. False evidence	Interrogators lie to interviewees about pertinent items of evidence, by telling them that pertinent items of information have already been evidence established as facts by other means.
12. Appeals to  External authority	Interviewees are told that based on considerations of logic, fact, or common sense, pertinent items of information must be true and that they obviously are lying if they do not agree with such information.
13. Stereotype  Induction	Interviewees are provided with true or false information about suspects that is consistent with crimes that are under investigation.
14. Confirmation bias	Interviewees are interrogated by investigators who are highly knowledgeable about the detailed facts of the case and who have interviewed victims and other witnesses.