Table 4.

Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of incident diabetes based on Alternate Healthy Eating Index(AHEI) construct components baseline, in the Women's Health Initiative 1993-2005.

	Total number	No. of new onset of diabetes(%)	Unadjusted hazard Ratios and 95% CI	Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios and 95% CIa
Overall (n=154,493)
Vegetables (servings/day)
<3.01	150,462	10,006(6.65)	1	1
≥3.01	3,740	279(7.46)	1.14(1.02-1.29)	1.10(0.96-1.26)
Fruits (servings/day)
<2.57	132,340	9,004(6.80)	1	1
≥2.57	21,862	1,281(5.86)	0.87(0.82-0.93)	0.99(0.93-1.06)
Nuts & soy protein (servings/day)
<0.28	91,842	6,335(6.90)	1	1
≥0.28	62,360	3,950(6.33)	0.91(0.88-0.95)	1.02(0.97-1.06)
White to red meat ratio
<1.71	119,820	8,357(6.97)	1	1
≥1.71	34,382	1,928(5.61)	0.81(0.77-0.85)	0.89(0.84-0.94)
Trans fat (% energy)
>1.25	129,949	9,274(7.14)	1	1
≤1.25	24,253	1,011(4.17)	0.59(0.55-0.63)	0.81(0.75-0.87)
Total fiber (grams/day)
<13.14	60,317	4,314(7.15)	1	1
≥13.14	93,885	5,971(6.36)	0.87(0.84-0.90)	0.98(0.93-1.04)
Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio
<0.77	113,811	75,99(6.68)	1	1
≥0.77	40,391	2,686(6.65)	1.00(0.95-1.04)	1.04(0.99-1.09)
Alcohol (servings/day)
<0.23/>1.59	112,012	8,621(7.70)	1	1
0.23-1.59	42,190	1,664(3.95)	0.49(0.47-0.52)	0.68(0.64-0.72)
Duration of multivitamin use (years)
<5	93,660	6,743(7.20)	1	1
≥5	60,831	3,564(5.86)	0.83(0.80-0.86)	0.98(0.94-1.03)
Dairy foods (servings/day)
<3	108,086	7,231(6.69)	1	1
≥3	46,116	3,054(6.62)	0.98(0.94-1.02)	1.03(0.98-1.08)
Glycemic load
≤82.21	61,683	3,982(6.46)	1	1
>82.21	92,516	6,303(6.81)	1.04(1.00-1.08)	0.96(0.90-1.02)
Glycemic index
≤51.56	61,732	3,604(5.84)	1	1
>51.56	92,470	6,681(7.23)	1.23(1.19-1.29)	1.00(0.95-1.04)
Whites (n=128,998)
Vegetables (servings/day)
<3.01	125,728	7,186(5.72)	1	1
≥3.01	3,019	194(6.43)	1.14(0.99-1.32)	1.15(0.98-1.35)
Fruits (servings/day)
<2.57	110,398	6,475(5.87)	1	1
≥2.57	18,349	905(4.93)	0.85(0.80-0.91)	0.97(0.90-1.05)
Nuts & soy protein (servings/day)
<0.28	75,690	4,398(5.81)	1	1
≥0.28	53,057	2,982(5.62)	0.97(0.92-1.01)	1.01(0.96-1.07)
White to red meat ratio
<1.71	102,012	6,203(6.08)	1	1
≥1.71	26,735	1,177(4.40)	0.73(0.68-0.77)	0.93(0.87-1.00)
Trans fat (% energy)
>1.25	108,363	6,646(6.13)	1	1
≤1.25	20,384	734(3.60)	0.59(0.55-0.64)	0.81(0.74-0.88)
Total fiber (grams/day)
<13.14	47,257	2,794(5.91)	1	1
≥13.14	81,490	4,586(5.63)	0.94(0.89-0.98)	0.97(0.91-1.03)
Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio
<0.77	97,432	5,631(5.78)	1	1
≥0.77	31,315	1,749(5.59)	0.96(0.91-1.02)	1.09(1.02-1.15)
Alcohol (servings/day)
<0.23/>1.59	90,166	6,003(6.66)	1	1
0.23-1.59	38,581	1,377(3.57)	0.52(0.49-0.55)	0.67(0.63-0.71)
Duration of multivitamin use (years)
<5	75,502	4,568(6.05)	1	1
≥5	53,495	2,829(5.29)	0.90(0.86-0.94)	0.99(0.94-1.04)
Dairy foods (servings/day)
<3	86,920	4,842(5.57)	1	1
≥3	41,827	2,538(6.07)	1.09(1.04-1.14)	1.01(0.95-1.07)
Glycemic load
≤82.21	50,008	2,683(5.37)	1	1
>82.21	78,739	4,697(5.97)	1.09(1.04-1.15)	0.97(0.91-1.04)
Glycemic index
≤51.56	53,197	2,676(5.03)	1	1
>51.56	75,550	4,704(6.23)	1.23(1.17-1.29)	1.01(0.96-1.06)
Blacks (n=12,820)
Vegetables (servings/day)
<3.01	12,524	1,645(13.13)	1	1
≥3.01	280	32(11.43)	0.90(0.63-1.27)	0.80(0.53-1.22)
Fruits (servings/day)
<2.57	10,951	1,448(13.22)	1	1
≥2.57	1,853	229(12.36)	0.95(0.82-1.09)	1.05(0.90-1.24)
Nuts & soy protein (servings/day)
<0.28	8,625	1,170(13.57)	1	1
≥0.28	4,179	507(12.13)	0.89(0.80-0.99)	0.96(0.85-1.08)
White to red meat ratio
<1.71	8,148	1,152(14.14)	1	1
≥1.71	4,656	525(11.28)	0.79(0.71-0.88)	0.85(0.76-0.96)
Trans fat (% energy)
>1.25	11,654	1,588(13.63)	1	1
≤1.25	1,150	89(7.74)	0.56(0.45-0.70)	0.72(0.57-0.92)
Total fiber (grams/day)
<13.14	6,999	941(13.44)	1	1
≥13.14	5,805	736(12.68)	0.95(0.86-1.05)	1.02(0.89-1.16)
Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio
<0.77	8,350	1,160(13.89)	1	1
≥0.77	4,454	517(11.61)	0.83(0.75-0.92)	0.94(0.84-1.06)
Alcohol (servings/day)
<0.23/>1.59	11,118	1,500(13.49)	1	1
0.23-1.59	1,686	177(10.50)	0.75(0.64-0.88)	0.90(0.76-1.06)
Duration of multivitamin use (years)
<5	9,515	1,288(13.54)	1	1
≥5	3,304	394(11.92)	0.89(0.79-0.99)	0.97(0.86-1.10)
Dairy foods (servings/day)
<3	11,100	1,424(12.83)	1	1
≥3	1,704	253(14.85)	1.19(1.04-1.36)	1.19(1.01-1.41)
Glycemic load
≤82.21	5,794	749(12.93)	1	1
>82.21	7,010	928(13.24)	1.03(0.94-1.14)	0.88(0.75-1.02)
Glycemic index
≤51.56	3,244	399(12.30)	1	1
>51.56	9,560	1,278(13.37)	1.08(0.96-1.20)	0.94(0.83-1.07)
Hispanics (n=6,009)
Vegetables (servings/day)
<3.01	5,789	644(11.12)	1	1
≥3.01	206	29(14.08)	1.26(0.87-1.83)	1.41(0.89-2.24)
Fruits (servings/day)
<2.57	5,197	601(11.56)	1	1
≥2.57	798	72(9.02)	0.79(0.62-1.00)	0.98(0.74-1.29)
Nuts & soy protein (servings/day)
<0.28	4,639	535(11.53)	1	1
≥0.28	1,356	138(10.18)	0.86(0.71-1.04)	0.93(0.75-1.16)
White to red meat ratio
<1.71	4,623	564(12.20)	1	1
≥1.71	1,372	109(7.94)	0.63(0.52-0.78)	0.68(0.53-0.86)
Trans fat (% energy)
>1.25	4,893	587(12.00)	1	1
≤1.25	1,102	86(7.80)	0.64(0.51-0.80)	0.85(0.66-1.10)
Total fiber (grams/day)
<13.14	2,900	321(11.07)	1	1
≥13.14	3,095	352(11.37)	0.98(0.84-1.14)	1.02(0.82-1.27)
Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio
<0.77	4,303	483(11.22)	1	1
≥0.77	1,692	190(11.23)	1.00(0.84-1.18)	0.99(0.82-1.20)
Alcohol (servings/day)
<0.23/>1.59	5,011	615(12.27)	1	1
0.23-1.59	984	58(5.89)	0.45(0.34-0.59)	0.55(0.41-0.75)
Duration of multivitamin use (years)
<5	4,355	504(11.57)	1	1
≥5	1,654	169(10.22)	0.86(0.72-1.03)	1.01(0.83-1.23)
Dairy foods (servings/day)
<3	4,519	497(11.00)	1	1
≥3	1,476	176(11.92)	1.07(0.90-1.27)	1.13(0.91-1.41)
Glycemic load
≤82.21	2,797	310(11.08)	1	1
>82.21	3,198	363(11.35)	0.99(0.85-1.16)	1.01(0.79-1.29)
Glycemic index
≤51.56	2,650	315(11.89)	1	1
>51.56	3,345	358(10.70)	0.90(0.78-1.05)	0.90(0.76-1.07)
Asians (n=3,940)
Vegetables (servings/day)
<3.01	3,793	309(8.15)	1	1
≥3.01	142	16(11.27)	1.40(0.85-2.31)	0.97(0.53-1.79)
Fruits (servings/day)
<2.57	3,433	277(8.07)	1	1
≥2.57	502	48(9.56)	1.22(0.90-1.66)	1.14(0.80-1.62)
Nuts & soy protein (servings/day)
<0.28	1,250	93(7.44)	1	1
≥0.28	2,685	232(8.64)	1.17(0.92-1.49)	1.19(0.90-1.57)
White to red meat ratio
<1.71	2,967	248(8.36)	1	1
≥1.71	968	77(7.95)	0.96(0.74-1.24)	1.07(0.80-1.43)
Trans fat (% energy)
>1.25	2,844	251(8.83)	1	1
≤1.25	1,091	74(6.78)	0.76(0.59-0.99)	1.00(0.74-1.35)
Total fiber (grams/day)
<13.14	1,921	149(7.76)	1	1
≥13.14	2,014	176(8.74)	1.12(0.90-1.39)	0.96(0.72-1.29)
Polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio
<0.77	1,838	157(8.54)	1	1
≥0.77	2,097	168(8.01)	0.93(0.75-1.16)	1.00(0.79-1.26)
Alcohol (servings/day)
<0.23/>1.59	3,564	306(8.59)	1	1
0.23-1.59	371	19(5.12)	0.57(0.36-0.91)	0.69(0.42-1.16)
Duration of multivitamin use (years)
<5	2,502	226(9.03)	1	1
≥5	1,438	99(6.88)	0.74(0.59-0.94)	0.84(0.66-1.09)
Dairy foods (servings/day)
<3	3,482	286(8.21)	1	1
≥3	453	39(8.61)	1.08(0.77-1.51)	1.08(0.75-1.56)
Glycemic load
≤82.21	1,833	133(7.26)	1	1
>82.21	2,102	192(9.13)	1.27(1.02-1.58)	0.92(0.65-1.29)
Glycemic index
≤51.56	1,529	124(8.11)	1	1
>51.56	2,406	201(8.35)	1.03(0.82-1.29)	0.89(0.70-1.14)

^aHazard ratios were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, education, cigarette smoking, BMI, waist/hip ratio, physical activity, log (daily energy intake), family history of diabetes, study arms and hormone therapy use.