Table 1.
Published FP-based biosensors for monitoring PTM dynamics
| Post-translational modification | Name(s) | References |
|---|---|---|
| Acetylation | ||
| Histone 4 – K5 and K8 acetylation | Histac | 36, 37 |
| Cleavage of the protein backbone (enzyme specific) | ||
| Caspase-3 | Caspase-3 activity sensor | 40 |
| Caspase-3 and Caspase-6 | CFP-c3-YFP-c6-mRFP | 41 |
| Caspase-3 and Caspase-8 | CYR83 | 42 |
| MT1-MMP | MT1-MMP sensor | 43 |
| Glycosylation | ||
| β-O- GlcNAcylation | O-GlcNAc sensor, OS2 | 38, 39 |
| Methylation | ||
| Histone 3 – K9 methylation | K9 reporter, MARC | 32, 33 |
| Histone 3 – K27 methylation | K27 reporter, H3K27-MetBio3 | 32, 34 |
| Phosphorylation (enzyme-specific) | ||
| Abl kinase | Crk-based reporter | 44 |
| ATM kinase | ATOMIC | 45 |
| Aurora B kinase | Aurora B kinase sensor | 46 |
| Calcineurin | CaNAR (indicates phosphatase activity) | 47 |
| CyclinB1-CDK1 | CyclinB1-CDK1 sensor | 48 |
| EGFR autophosphorylation | EGFR-eCFP/PTB-eYFP, FLAME | 19 |
| EGFR | Picchu-Z, EGFR reporter, Crk-based reporter, ECaus | 44, 49, 50 |
| Extracellular signal regulated kinase | EKAR, EKAREV, Erkus | 30, 51, 52 |
| Histone 3 – S28 phosphorylation | Histone phosphorylation reporter | 53 |
| Insulin receptor kinase | Phocus, Sinphos | 54, 55 |
| c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) | JNKAR1, JNKAR1EV | 30, 56 |
| Protein Kinase A (PKA) | AKAR1-4, AKAR3EV | 22, 23, 25, 30 |
| Protein Kinase B (PKB/Akt) | BKAR, AktAR, Aktus, Eevee-Akt | 30, 54, 57, 58 |
| Protein Kinase C (PKC) | CKAR, KCP1, δCKAR, Eevee-PKCβ | 13, 28–30 |
| Protein Kinase D (PKD) | DKAR | 59 |
| Receptor tyrosine kinases | Picchu, PicchuEV | 30, 60 |
| p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) | Eevee-RSK | 30 |
| p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) | Eevee-S6K | 30 |
| Src | Src reporter, Srcus | 54, 61 |
| Ubiquitination | ||
| Polyubiquitination | UbG76V-Dendra2 (based on a photoconvertible FP – does not conform with the standard design approach presented in this review) | 62 |