Table 5. Odds ratios (OR) and 95 % CI from random-effects logistic regression models of continuity of care.

	Medication managementa			Outpatient treatmenta			Intensity of aftercarea			Case managementa
	OR	95 % CI	p	OR	95 % CI	p	OR	95 % CI	p	OR	95 % CI	p
Individual-level factors	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Demographics	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Age, for a 10 year increase	1.14	1.08–1.19	<0.001	1.14	1.08–1.19	<0.001	1.02	0.93–1.13	0.649	1.22	1.11–1.33	<0.001
Race/ethnicity (whiteb)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Black	0.76	0.68–0.85	<0.001	0.85	0.76–0.95	0.006	0.77	0.60–0.97	0.028	0.83	0.67–1.03	0.090
Other	0.90	0.56–1.45	0.677	0.72	0.46–1.15	0.171	0.74	0.27–2.01	0.552	0.70	0.28–1.77	0.448
Male	1.00	0.91–1.11	0.965	0.89	0.81–0.99	0.030	0.85	0.68–1.06	0.146	0.84	0.69–1.02	0.076
Marital status (single)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Married	0.85	0.70–1.04	0.121	0.77	0.63–0.93	0.008	1.19	0.77–1.85	0.428	0.45	0.30–0.68	<0.001
Divorced, separated, widowed	0.92	0.82–1.03	0.144	0.98	0.87–1.11	0.775	0.70	0.55–0.91	0.007	0.86	0.68–1.07	0.181
Living arrangement(independent)	––	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Living with family	1.00	0.70–1.42	0.992	0.55	0.39–0.77	<0.001	0.82	0.37–1.84	0.627	0.35	0.16–0.80	0.013
Homeless or shelter	0.55	0.37–0.83	0.004	1.05	0.67–1.62	0.839	1.81	0.89–3.64	0.099	1.22	0.66–2.26	0.532
Residential program	1.52	1.18–1.95	0.001	2.34	1.75–3.13	<0.001	1.33	0.82–2.16	0.242	2.42	1.49–3.92	<0.001
Clinical	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Primary diagnosis (schizophrenia)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Schizoaffective	1.12	1.01–1.23	0.027	0.97	0.88–1.08	0.597	1.20	0.97–1.48	0.099	0.92	0.76–1.11	0.379
Co-occurring diagnosis	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Substance abuse disorder	0.65	0.55–0.77	<0.001	0.83	0.69–0.99	0.042	1.20	0.87–1.66	0.270	0.76	0.59–0.97	0.027
Depressive disorder	0.80	0.69–0.93	0.003	1.38	1.18–1.63	<0.001	1.71	1.34–2.18	<0.001	0.89	0.72–1.09	0.261
Anxiety disorder	0.93	0.70–1.24	0.638	1.02	0.75–1.38	0.901	1.14	0.66–1.97	0.636	0.85	0.57–1.26	0.417
Charlson comorbidity index (0)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
1	1.23	1.09–1.40	0.001	1.22	1.07–1.38	0.003	1.36	1.06–1.74	0.014	1.30	1.04–1.64	0.024
2	1.36	1.06–1.76	0.017	1.08	0.84–1.39	0.565	1.20	0.73–1.99	0.468	0.82	0.54–1.25	0.349
≥3	1.17	0.83–1.66	0.373	1.33	0.92–1.92	0.134	1.51	0.81–2.84	0.196	1.15	0.64–2.08	0.635
Prior hospitalization in past year	1.00	0.89–1.13	0.985	1.48	1.31–1.69	<0.001	0.11	0.08–0.14	<0.001	1.45	1.22–1.73	<0.001
Contextual-level factors	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Sociodemographics	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Percent African	0.92	0.83–1.01	0.095	1.05	0.95–1.17	0.354	0.93	0.80–1.08	0.335	0.98	0.83–1.17	0.858
American
Percent Hispanic	1.04	0.85–1.27	0.709	1.09	0.87–1.35	0.467	0.92	0.72–1.19	0.535	1.01	0.76–1.35	0.935
Per capita income, per $10,000	1.02	0.56–1.87	0.947	0.94	0.49–1.80	0.848	1.79	0.73–4.41	0.204	0.99	0.35–2.80	0.984
Percent living in poverty	0.99	0.93–1.06	0.854	0.96	0.90–1.03	0.244	0.98	0.90–1.08	0.710	0.92	0.83–1.03	0.137
Percent unemployed	1.06	0.98–1.14	0.127	1.02	0.94–1.10	0.660	0.98	0.83–1.16	0.806	1.09	0.94–1.26	0.252
Health care system	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Psychiatrists per 10,000 pop	0.84	0.41–1.73	0.642	1.12	0.51–2.46	0.777	1.19	0.52–2.75	0.677	1.82	0.65–5.11	0.257
Psychologists per 10,000 pop	1.30	1.07–1.57	0.008	1.27	1.04–1.55	0.021	0.88	0.59–1.31	0.524	1.19	0.76–1.86	0.445
Social workers per 10,000 pop	1.03	0.98–1.09	0.282	0.94	0.88–1.00	0.043	0.96	0.89–1.04	0.359	0.93	0.85–1.01	0.081
CMHCc	1.10	0.89–1.36	0.362	1.10	0.86–1.39	0.450	1.31	1.09–1.58	0.005	1.06	0.82–1.38	0.660
Rurality: urban influence code (1)d	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
2	1.02	0.76–1.37	0.882	0.77	0.55–1.06	0.112	1.24	0.85–1.80	0.259	0.81	0.52–1.24	0.324
3	1.07	0.69–1.65	0.762	0.90	0.56–1.44	0.660	1.08	0.54–2.14	0.826	0.83	0.43–1.60	0.573
4	0.45	0.23–0.90	0.024	0.78	0.37–1.65	0.519	1.29	0.29–5.81	0.742	1.58	0.37–6.63	0.535
5	0.88	0.57–1.36	0.564	0.92	0.57–1.47	0.712	1.08	0.54–2.16	0.830	0.60	0.30–1.22	0.159
6	0.71	0.37–1.36	0.298	0.70	0.35–1.39	0.303	0.17	0.02–1.45	0.105	0.21	0.06–0.79	0.021
7, 8, 9, and 10e	0.58	0.32–1.08	0.362	0.47	0.24–0.90	0.023	0.59	0.15–2.39	0.461	0.24	0.07–0.80	0.020

CI confidence interval

^aMedication management: χ² = 180.1, df (32), p < 0.001; outpatient treatment: χ² = 210.4, df (32), p < 0.001; intensity of aftercare: χ² = 308.3, df (32), p <0.001; case management: χ² = 115.1, df (32), p <0.001

^bReference categories are in parentheses

^cCommunity mental health centers

^dMost urban

^eMost rural