Table 2.
Studies comparing patients with first-episode psychosis and healthy controls on executive function, attention and working memory.
| Cognitive domain meta-analytic study | Study variable | Effect size |
|---|---|---|
| EXECUTIVE FUNCTION | ||
| Mohamed et al. (1) | Fluency (total) | 0.75 |
| Rodriguez-Sanchez et al. (25) | Fluency (total) | 0.86 |
| Ngoma et al. (26) | Fluency (total) | 0.76 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | Fluency (total) | 0.82 |
| Addington and Addington (28) | Semantic fluency | 1.02 |
| Addington et al. (29) | Semantic fluency | 1.16 |
| Ma et al. (30) | Semantic fluency (several measures) | 0.55–0.58 |
| Chan et al. (20) | Semantic fluency | 0.71 |
| Pena et al. (31) | Semantic Fluency | 1.49 |
| Addington et al. (29) | Phonemic fluency | 0.44 |
| Addington and Addington (28) | Phonemic fluency | 0.57 |
| Pena et al. (31) | Phonemic fluency | 1.57 |
| Brickman et al. (32) | Trail making test part B | 1.10 |
| Ma et al. (30) | Trail making test part B | 0.79 |
| Addington and Addington (28) | Trail making test part B | 0.97 |
| Addington et al. (29) | Trail making test part B | 0.82 |
| Chan et al. (20) | Trail making test part B | 0.33 |
| Rodriguez-Sanchez et al. (25) | Trail making test part B | 1.07 |
| Ngoma et al. (26) | Trail making test part B | 0.80 |
| Aas et al. (21) | Trail making test part B | 1.19 |
| Hermens et al. (24) | Trail making test part B | 1.10 |
| Perez-Iglesias et al. (33) | Trail making test part B | 1.23 |
| Gonzalez-Blanch et al. (34) | Trail making test part B | 1.05 |
| Gonzalez-Blanch et al. (35) | Trail making test part B | 1.16 |
| Mohamed et al. (1) | Trail making test* | 1.41 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | Stroop–color word interference | 0.62 |
| Ma et al. (30) | Stroop–color word interference | 0.53 |
| Gonzalez-Blanch et al. (35) | Stroop–color word interference | 0.57 |
| Mohamed et al. (1) | Stroop–color word interference | 0.29 |
| Ngoma et al. (26) | Stroop–color word interference | 0.25 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | Stroop (several measures) | 0.96–1.28 |
| Pena et al. (31) | Stroop color word test | 1.56 |
| Ma et al. (30) | Executive functions (range in reported subgroups) | 0.40–0.69 |
| Leeson et al. (19) | Executive function (general) | 0.40 |
| Liu et al. (36) | MSET total | 1.06 |
| Addington et al. (29) | WCST categories | 0.53 |
| Ma et al. (30) | WCST categories | 0.61 |
| Addington and Addington (28) | WCST categories | 0.64 |
| Chan et al. (20) | WCST categories | 0.61 |
| Pena et al. (31) | WCST categories | 0.81 |
| Ngoma et al. (26) | WCST categories | 0.86 |
| Liu et al. (36) | MWCST categories | 0.98 |
| Addington et al. (29) | WCST perseverative errors | 0.62 |
| Mohamed et al. (1) | WCST perseverative errors | 1.86 |
| Mohamed et al. (1) | WCST perseverative errors | 0.75 |
| Pena et al. (31) | WCST perseverative errors | 0.51 |
| Addington and Addington (28) | WCST perseverative errors | 0.79 |
| Ma et al. (30) | WCST perseverative errors | 0.87 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | WCST perseverative errors and errors (several measures) | 0.80–0.96 |
| Chan et al. (20) | WCST perseverative errors | 0.64 |
| Liu et al. (36) | MWCST perseverative errors | 1.11 |
| WORKING MEMORY | ||
| Leeson et al. (19) | Spatial span (several tests) | 0.42–0.49 |
| Addington et al. (29) | Letter-number span | 1.00 |
| Gonzalez-Blanch et al. (35) | Letter-number sequencing test | 0.80 |
| Pena et al. (31) | Letter-number sequencing task | 1.42 |
| Ngoma et al. (26) | Letter-number sequencing task | 1.42 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | Letter-number sequencing task | 0.66 |
| Mohamed et al. (1) | Digit span total | 0.55 |
| Ma et al. (30) | Digit span total | 0.81 |
| Joyce et al. (22) | Spatial working memory CANTAB | 1.11 |
| Aas et al. (21) | Spatial working memory (CANTAB) several tests | 0.94–1.01 |
| MAINTENANCE | ||
| Zabala et al. (27) | Digit span forwards | 0.84 |
| MAINTENANCE + MANIPULATIONS | ||
| Gonzalez-Blanch et al. (34) | Digit span backwards | 1.03 |
| Pena et al. (31) | Digit span backwards | 1.11 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | Digits span backwards | 0.84 |
| Ma et al. (30) | Arithmetic | 0.77 |
| Leeson et al. (19) | Arithmetic | 0.22 |
| ATTENTION | ||
| Zabala et al. (27) | Continuous performance test | 0.44 |
| Zabala et al. (27) | Continuous performance test | 0.61 |
| Kleinlogel et al. (37) | Continuous performance test | 0.82 |
| Mohamed et al. (1) | Continuous performance test | 1.56 |
| Perez-Iglesias et al. (33) | Continuous performance test | 0.95 |
| Gonzalez-Blanch et al. (35) | Attention tests (several tests) | 0.64–1.42 |
| Rodriguez-Sanchez et al. (25) | Attention index | 1.30 |
| Ngoma et al. (26) | Attention index | 1.22 |
| Bilder et al. (3) | Attention index | 1.15 |
| Addington and Addington (28) | Attention test (Span) | 0.07 |
| Addington et al. (29) | Attention tests (several) | 0.29–0.39 |
| Chan et al. (20) | Attention test | 0.48 |
| Joyce et al. (22) | Attention set shifting CANTAB | 0.52 |
WCST, Wisconsin card sorting test; MSET, modified six elements test; MWCST, modified Wisconsin card sorting test; trail making test time, not specified whether this is Trail A or Trail B.