. 2013 Oct 5;3(1):360–375. doi: 10.1159/000353441

Table 1.

BPSD, effect sizes and p values

First author	Design	SCU vs. n-SCU, n	Results	Assessment instrument	p value	Cohen's d (baseline)
De Rooij [10]	quasi-experimental, longitudina^d	51 vs. 51	– social engagement	NPI [62]	<0.01^a	not available
			– depression		n.s.^a
			– behavioral problems		n.s.^a
		30 vs. 47	– social engagement		n.s.^a
			– depression		<0.10^a
			– behavioral problems		n.s.^a

Abrahamson [39]	Interviews, random, cross-sectional	665 vs. 12,442	– depression – anxiety	MDS [63]	0.743 0.029	not available

Nazir [42]	cohort study	2,843 vs. 23,322	– worsening behavior	MDS	<0.001^a	not available
			– more verbally abusive		0.399^a
			– more physically abusive	0.049^a
			– more socially	0.063^a
			inappropriate	<0.001^a
			– growing resistance to care

Verbeek [12]	quasi-experimental, longitudinal, controlled ^d	124 vs. 135	– neuropsychiatry	NPI	n.s.^a	0.04
			– agitation	CMAI-D [64]	0.035^a	−0.02

Weyerer [31]	cross-sectional, randomly selected, matched	594 vs. 573	– neuropsychiatry	NPI	n.s.	0.07
			– agitation	CMAI [65]	<0.001	0.38

Te Boekhorst [13]	quasi-experimental, longitudinal, matched, controlled ^d	67 vs. 97	– depression	RMBPC [66]	n.s.^a	not available
			– behavior		n.s.^a
			– neuropsychiatry	NPI	n.s.^a
			– social engagement	RISE [67]	<0.05^a

Selbaek [26]	cross-sectional	313 vs. 762	– delusions	NPI	≥0.001	not available
			– hallucination		≥0.001
			– depression		n.s.
			– anxiety		≥0.01
			– euphoria		≥0.001
			– agression/agitation		≥0.001
			– apathy		n.s.
			– disinhibition		n.s.
			– aberrant motor behavior		≥0.01

Nobili [9]	longitudinal comparative	72 vs. 72	– neuropsychiatry	NPI	0.0001^a	−0.74

Pekkarinen [33]	cross-sectional	390 vs. 587	– behavioral problems	LRAI [68]	<0.001	1.16

Morgan [37]	experimental, cross-sectional	186 vs. 169	– exposure to disruptive behavior	EDB [69]	<0.01	−0.028
				EAC [69]	<0.05	−0.027
			– exposure to aggression

Sloane [32]	cross-sectional, random	773 vs. 479	– behavioral problems	CMAI	n.s.	-0.001
			– depressive symptom	Cornell [70]	0.001	0.007
			– social functioning	no standardized	0.001	0.012
			– social withdrawal	instrument^b	0.001	−0.015
				MOSES [71]

Reimer [14]	matched groups ^e	62 vs. 59	– agitation	CMAI	n.s.	not available
			– social withdrawal	MOSES	n.s.
			– affect (anxiety)	AARS [72]	n.s.
			– socially appropriate	Pleasant Events	n.s.
			behavior	scale [73]

Warren [38]	longitudinal, controlled	44 vs. 36	– depression	Cornell	not	−0.06
			– psychosocial functioning	MOSES	available	1.82

Chappel [25]	experimental, longitudinal, controlled	total: 323	– agitation	CMAI	n.s.^a	not available
			– social skills	MAS-R [74]	<0.05^a
			– affect	FTQ	n.s.^a

Leon [21]	experimental field study	432 vs. 164	– aggressive behavior	CMAI	n.s.	0.05
			– disruptive behavior	MDS	<0.01	0.24

Frisoni [34]	longitudinal, controlled	31 vs. 35	– delusions	NPI	not available	0.33
			– hallucinations			0.44
			– agitation			0.46
			– anxiety			0.27
			– euphoria/elation			−0.07
			– disinhibition			0.12
			– irritability/lability			0.42
			– abberant motor behavior			0.18
			– sleep			0.20
			– total neuropsychiatry			0.64
			– agitation	CMAI		0.49
			– depression	Cornell		1.05

Saxton [15]	longitudinal, matched, controlled^e	26 vs. 19	– social/cognitive	NHBPS [75]	n.s.^a	0.56

Kovach [36]	behavioral observations	23 vs. 14	– functional behavior	no standardized instrument^c	not available	−0.50

Swanson [35]	quasi-experimental, longitudinal	13 vs. 9	– noncognitive behavior	ADAS [76]	n.s.^a	0.65

Lindesay [28]	cross-sectional^f	27 vs. 29	– depression	DSS [77]	not available	0.11
			– activity disturbance	ABRS [78]		0.28
			– aggressivity			−0.21

Chafetz [46]	quasi-experimental, longitudinal	12 vs. 8	– behavior	BRF [79]	n.s.^a	not available

Holmes [20]	quasi-experimental, longitudinal	49 vs. 44	– disturbing behavior total	INCARE [80]	n.s.^b	0.47
			score		n.s.^b	0.36
			– depression		0.01^b	−0.36
			– social activities

MDS = Minimum data set 2.0 section E4; NPI = Neuropsychiatric Inventory; CMAI(-D) = Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory (-Dutch version); RMBPC = Revised Memory and Behaviour Problems Checklist; RISE = Revised Index of Social Engagement from the Resident Assessment Instrument (RAI); LRAI = Long-Term Care Resident Assessment Instrument; EDB = Exposure to Disruptive Behaviours subscale; EAC = Exposure to Aggression during Caregiving subscale; Cornell = Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia; MOSES = Multidimensional Observation Scale for Elderly Subjects; AARS = Apparent Affect Rating Scale; MAS-R = Multifocus Assessment Scale-Revised; FTQ = Feeling Tone Questionnaire (no statistics available on research initiation); NHBPS = Nursing Home Behavioral Problem Scale; ADAS = Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale; DSS = Depressive Signs Scale; ABRS = Adaptive Behaviour Rating Scale; BRF = Behaviour Rating Form; INCARE = Institutional Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation; n.s. = not significant.

Over time;

17 items of participation in social activities;

checklist for behavioural mapping in long-term care facilities;

small-scale, homelike SCU/SCU comparison;

small-scale, homelike SCU/n-SCU comparison;

SCU/n-SCU with mixed-sex population.