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. 2013 Dec 20;3(12):e003733. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2013-003733

Table 2.

Age-standardised estimated sodium intakes (g/day) in 1990 and 2010, persons aged 20 and over, by country (95% uncertainty intervals)

  Total
 Males
 Females
  1990 2010 1990 2010 1990 2010
Afghanistan 3.29 (2.71–3.95) 3.39 (2.79–4.06) 3.44 (2.61–4.46) 3.55 (2.63–4.69) 3.12 (2.36–4.06) 3.22 (2.42–4.17)
Albania 3.47 (2.89–4.16) 3.67 (3.05–4.34) 3.64 (2.83–4.62) 3.86 (2.98–5.00) 3.31 (2.56–4.29) 3.48 (2.67–4.37)
Algeria 3.91 (3.32–4.59) 4.28 (3.59–5.00) 4.09 (3.19–5.17) 4.51 (3.50–5.72) 3.73 (2.97–4.74) 4.07 (3.20–5.08)
Andorra 3.56 (3.04–4.16) 3.81 (3.21–4.44) 3.85 (3.05–4.83) 4.01 (3.19–5.07) 3.29 (2.59–4.05) 3.61 (2.84–4.53)
Angola 2.46 (2.07–2.90) 2.49 (2.06–2.97) 2.58 (2.03–3.28) 2.61 (2.02–3.35) 2.35 (1.82–2.94) 2.38 (1.86–3.07)
Antigua and Barbuda 2.71 (2.28–3.23) 2.67 (2.23–3.18) 2.85 (2.19–3.64) 2.81 (2.18–3.55) 2.58 (2.01–3.26) 2.54 (1.98–3.24)
Argentina 3.01 (2.93–3.10) 3.00 (2.92–3.08) 3.16 (3.03–3.29) 3.15 (3.03–3.26) 2.87 (2.76–2.99) 2.87 (2.76–2.98)
Armenia 4.84 (4.04–5.67) 4.92 (4.13–5.77) 5.07 (4.03–6.31) 5.19 (4.06–6.57) 4.65 (3.64–5.86) 4.71 (3.69–5.89)
Australia 3.38 (3.26–3.50) 3.42 (3.29–3.55) 3.55 (3.37–3.75) 3.59 (3.39–3.77) 3.22 (3.05–3.40) 3.26 (3.09–3.42)
Austria 3.89 (3.57–4.22) 3.95 (3.63–4.31) 4.20 (3.73–4.73) 4.16 (3.70–4.64) 3.60 (3.22–4.06) 3.76 (3.29–4.28)
Azerbaijan 4.55 (3.83–5.34) 5.06 (4.31–5.98) 4.79 (3.74–6.08) 5.31 (4.18–6.71) 4.35 (3.44–5.56) 4.85 (3.83–6.13)
Bahamas 3.03 (2.53–3.60) 2.99 (2.48–3.54) 3.18 (2.41–4.10) 3.13 (2.41–3.97) 2.89 (2.24–3.65) 2.86 (2.22–3.67)
Bahrain 4.40 (4.03–4.82) 5.38 (4.85–5.91) 4.56 (4.05–5.11) 5.57 (4.88–6.31) 4.15 (3.68–4.69) 5.05 (4.42–5.72)
Bangladesh 3.68 (3.09–4.41) 3.54 (2.98–4.21) 3.84 (3.02–4.93) 3.71 (2.89–4.67) 3.51 (2.76–4.41) 3.38 (2.63–4.32)
Barbados 3.40 (3.12–3.69) 3.42 (3.11–3.76) 3.56 (3.17–3.99) 3.59 (3.12–4.09) 3.25 (2.87–3.65) 3.25 (2.85–3.69)
Belarus 4.00 (3.39–4.72) 4.35 (3.69–5.16) 4.19 (3.28–5.22) 4.55 (3.55–5.69) 3.83 (2.98–4.72) 4.17 (3.27–5.24)
Belgium 3.48 (3.30–3.67) 3.45 (3.23–3.68) 3.76 (3.48–4.05) 3.64 (3.32–3.96) 3.21 (2.98–3.46) 3.27 (2.98–3.60)
Belize 2.67 (2.38–3.02) 2.62 (2.34–2.93) 2.80 (2.38–3.29) 2.75 (2.31–3.21) 2.55 (2.17–3.01) 2.50 (2.10–2.93)
Benin 2.86 (2.53–3.28) 2.85 (2.49–3.22) 3.01 (2.50–3.57) 2.97 (2.47–3.52) 2.73 (2.27–3.26) 2.73 (2.28–3.25)
Bhutan 3.72 (3.13–4.33) 3.64 (3.07–4.24) 3.88 (3.05–4.86) 3.80 (2.97–4.78) 3.55 (2.82–4.46) 3.45 (2.74–4.26)
Bolivia, Plurinational State of 3.51 (2.97–4.11) 3.59 (3.02–4.20) 3.67 (2.90–4.54) 3.77 (3.01–4.69) 3.35 (2.63–4.16) 3.41 (2.71–4.30)
Bosnia and Herzegovina 3.26 (2.71–3.93) 3.46 (2.88–4.15) 3.43 (2.62–4.41) 3.62 (2.78–4.59) 3.10 (2.38–4.07) 3.32 (2.58–4.25)
Botswana 2.49 (2.07–2.95) 2.53 (2.15–2.97) 2.63 (2.05–3.33) 2.66 (2.06–3.30) 2.37 (1.85–2.97) 2.40 (1.90–3.00)
Brazil 3.89 (3.78–3.99) 4.11 (4.01–4.22) 4.08 (3.93–4.23) 4.31 (4.17–4.46) 3.70 (3.57–3.83) 3.92 (3.79–4.07)
Brunei Darussalam 4.40 (3.70–5.13) 4.42 (3.71–5.16) 4.59 (3.62–5.73) 4.62 (3.59–5.83) 4.18 (3.27–5.24) 4.21 (3.27–5.30)
Bulgaria 3.63 (3.40–3.85) 3.62 (3.39–3.87) 3.82 (3.48–4.17) 3.80 (3.45–4.18) 3.45 (3.14–3.78) 3.45 (3.13–3.79)
Burkina Faso 2.91 (2.46–3.46) 2.88 (2.40–3.41) 3.07 (2.41–3.91) 3.04 (2.38–3.80) 2.77 (2.15–3.53) 2.74 (2.11–3.47)
Burundi 1.62 (1.31–1.99) 1.73 (1.42–2.09) 1.70 (1.25–2.26) 1.82 (1.38–2.36) 1.56 (1.14–2.07) 1.65 (1.23–2.15)
Cambodia 4.54 (3.81–5.38) 4.41 (3.73–5.18) 4.76 (3.69–6.07) 4.65 (3.68–5.87) 4.37 (3.41–5.52) 4.20 (3.26–5.24)
Cameroon 2.07 (1.82–2.35) 2.09 (1.84–2.36) 2.18 (1.81–2.59) 2.19 (1.81–2.58) 1.97 (1.64–2.32) 1.99 (1.68–2.38)
Canada 3.55 (3.45–3.66) 3.71 (3.58–3.83) 3.74 (3.58–3.90) 3.88 (3.69–4.08) 3.37 (3.22–3.52) 3.53 (3.36–3.70)
Cape Verde 2.99 (2.55–3.51) 3.25 (2.74–3.89) 3.16 (2.47–3.92) 3.42 (2.63–4.33) 2.87 (2.21–3.63) 3.10 (2.39–3.86)
Central African Republic 2.75 (2.32–3.25) 2.80 (2.33–3.29) 2.89 (2.24–3.62) 2.94 (2.30–3.71) 2.62 (2.06–3.27) 2.66 (2.05–3.37)
Chad 2.87 (2.42–3.38) 2.87 (2.43–3.37) 3.00 (2.33–3.78) 3.02 (2.37–3.76) 2.74 (2.12–3.38) 2.72 (2.15–3.39)
Chile 2.79 (2.38–3.29) 2.80 (2.35–3.31) 2.92 (2.30–3.74) 2.92 (2.29–3.70) 2.67 (2.11–3.37) 2.69 (2.13–3.36)
China 4.42 (4.24–4.63) 4.83 (4.62–5.05) 4.63 (4.35–4.93) 5.05 (4.71–5.39) 4.20 (3.94–4.49) 4.60 (4.31–4.88)
Colombia 4.12 (3.77–4.45) 4.09 (3.77–4.43) 4.31 (3.82–4.83) 4.29 (3.83–4.81) 3.93 (3.50–4.43) 3.91 (3.48–4.36)
Comoros 1.69 (1.42–2.02) 1.67 (1.41–1.98) 1.78 (1.39–2.26) 1.74 (1.35–2.22) 1.61 (1.22–2.04) 1.59 (1.24–2.03)
Congo 2.30 (1.95–2.70) 2.25 (1.88–2.67) 2.42 (1.89–3.05) 2.35 (1.83–2.97) 2.18 (1.69–2.73) 2.15 (1.63–2.78)
Congo, the Democratic Republic of the 2.27 (1.90–2.66) 2.42 (2.05–2.84) 2.39 (1.84–2.95) 2.54 (1.97–3.24) 2.16 (1.68–2.74) 2.31 (1.82–2.90)
Costa Rica 2.98 (2.51–3.50) 3.18 (2.71–3.73) 3.13 (2.49–3.91) 3.32 (2.56–4.18) 2.83 (2.20–3.56) 3.03 (2.40–3.76)
Côte dIvoire 2.78 (2.48–3.13) 2.80 (2.50–3.13) 2.90 (2.45–3.42) 2.94 (2.48–3.45) 2.64 (2.22–3.11) 2.65 (2.25–3.11)
Croatia 3.25 (2.73–3.81) 3.71 (3.15–4.34) 3.42 (2.70–4.28) 3.88 (3.04–4.80) 3.10 (2.44–3.92) 3.54 (2.80–4.45)
Cuba 2.80 (2.36–3.29) 2.64 (2.23–3.12) 2.94 (2.32–3.67) 2.75 (2.16–3.46) 2.66 (2.07–3.27) 2.52 (1.99–3.21)
Cyprus 3.76 (3.17–4.45) 4.06 (3.41–4.76) 4.05 (3.18–5.12) 4.29 (3.26–5.36) 3.49 (2.71–4.39) 3.83 (3.03–4.81)
Czech Republic 3.74 (3.16–4.44) 3.98 (3.37–4.74) 3.97 (3.14–5.02) 4.17 (3.31–5.31) 3.53 (2.75–4.36) 3.80 (3.00–4.75)
Denmark 3.53 (3.23–3.82) 3.27 (2.98–3.58) 3.80 (3.36–4.29) 3.43 (3.00–3.88) 3.26 (2.87–3.67) 3.11 (2.72–3.55)
Djibouti 2.29 (1.90–2.72) 2.36 (1.94–2.81) 2.39 (1.85–3.07) 2.48 (1.91–3.14) 2.19 (1.67–2.81) 2.24 (1.74–2.84)
Dominica 2.62 (2.21–3.10) 2.69 (2.30–3.20) 2.74 (2.14–3.44) 2.82 (2.13–3.60) 2.51 (1.96–3.22) 2.57 (1.96–3.29)
Dominican Republic 2.45 (2.08–2.85) 2.60 (2.21–3.03) 2.57 (2.01–3.26) 2.70 (2.14–3.38) 2.32 (1.83–2.86) 2.50 (1.99–3.12)
Ecuador 2.88 (2.41–3.38) 3.03 (2.55–3.57) 3.00 (2.37–3.76) 3.17 (2.47–4.01) 2.76 (2.16–3.45) 2.88 (2.29–3.66)
Egypt 3.63 (3.10–4.22) 3.68 (3.13–4.32) 3.81 (3.01–4.75) 3.85 (3.00–4.82) 3.45 (2.75–4.33) 3.52 (2.77–4.36)
El Salvador 3.19 (2.64–3.79) 3.19 (2.71–3.71) 3.35 (2.60–4.28) 3.36 (2.63–4.22) 3.04 (2.37–3.85) 3.05 (2.39–3.81)
Equatorial Guinea 2.50 (2.12–3.00) 2.30 (1.90–2.78) 2.61 (2.07–3.24) 2.40 (1.80–3.08) 2.37 (1.89–3.04) 2.20 (1.67–2.90)
Eritrea 2.32 (1.93–2.73) 2.37 (2.00–2.82) 2.43 (1.88–3.11) 2.50 (1.96–3.18) 2.22 (1.71–2.78) 2.25 (1.76–2.83)
Estonia 3.49 (3.30–3.69) 3.95 (3.69–4.23) 3.67 (3.40–3.96) 4.15 (3.76–4.56) 3.33 (3.07–3.60) 3.77 (3.43–4.16)
Ethiopia 2.30 (1.92–2.70) 2.27 (1.95–2.67) 2.42 (1.87–3.07) 2.38 (1.87–2.97) 2.19 (1.72–2.74) 2.17 (1.72–2.71)
Fiji 2.86 (2.41–3.35) 2.87 (2.41–3.41) 2.99 (2.34–3.76) 3.01 (2.36–3.84) 2.73 (2.16–3.42) 2.74 (2.13–3.43)
Finland 3.73 (3.52–3.95) 3.85 (3.63–4.07) 4.02 (3.70–4.39) 4.05 (3.72–4.40) 3.44 (3.16–3.74) 3.65 (3.35–3.94)
France 3.70 (3.52–3.91) 3.77 (3.58–3.97) 4.00 (3.72–4.30) 3.96 (3.66–4.28) 3.41 (3.17–3.65) 3.58 (3.31–3.86)
Gabon 1.93 (1.58–2.36) 2.01 (1.63–2.45) 2.02 (1.53–2.62) 2.09 (1.55–2.76) 1.83 (1.39–2.35) 1.92 (1.42–2.54)
Gambia 3.04 (2.58–3.61) 3.07 (2.59–3.58) 3.18 (2.51–4.05) 3.22 (2.56–4.06) 2.88 (2.24–3.63) 2.93 (2.27–3.73)
Georgia 4.73 (3.95–5.60) 5.30 (4.49–6.26) 4.95 (3.94–6.29) 5.57 (4.44–7.03) 4.53 (3.55–5.72) 5.07 (3.96–6.29)
Germany 3.45 (3.24–3.68) 3.54 (3.36–3.73) 3.73 (3.42–4.07) 3.72 (3.43–4.02) 3.18 (2.91–3.47) 3.36 (3.13–3.61)
Ghana 2.44 (2.19–2.73) 2.35 (2.09–2.61) 2.56 (2.19–2.98) 2.45 (2.09–2.88) 2.32 (2.02–2.71) 2.24 (1.89–2.62)
Greece 3.55 (2.92–4.25) 3.77 (3.16–4.52) 3.82 (2.92–4.91) 3.97 (3.11–5.03) 3.29 (2.53–4.27) 3.58 (2.76–4.53)
Grenada 2.44 (2.07–2.85) 2.61 (2.20–3.09) 2.55 (2.02–3.21) 2.73 (2.14–3.48) 2.33 (1.83–2.91) 2.48 (1.92–3.18)
Guatemala 2.86 (2.52–3.22) 2.94 (2.60–3.28) 2.99 (2.50–3.53) 3.08 (2.59–3.63) 2.73 (2.31–3.19) 2.81 (2.38–3.29)
Guinea 2.71 (2.29–3.22) 2.77 (2.33–3.26) 2.84 (2.23–3.58) 2.92 (2.30–3.64) 2.59 (2.04–3.27) 2.62 (2.06–3.25)
Guinea-Bissau 2.94 (2.48–3.48) 3.03 (2.55–3.61) 3.09 (2.44–3.87) 3.17 (2.49–4.09) 2.80 (2.23–3.50) 2.90 (2.25–3.66)
Guyana 2.36 (1.98–2.78) 2.45 (2.05–2.93) 2.47 (1.91–3.14) 2.56 (2.02–3.30) 2.26 (1.78–2.88) 2.34 (1.82–2.98)
Haiti 2.43 (2.02–2.86) 2.66 (2.23–3.15) 2.56 (2.00–3.14) 2.78 (2.17–3.50) 2.31 (1.79–2.94) 2.54 (1.98–3.26)
Honduras 2.88 (2.42–3.41) 2.95 (2.49–3.48) 3.02 (2.40–3.75) 3.07 (2.38–3.88) 2.75 (2.11–3.49) 2.84 (2.24–3.55)
Hungary 4.28 (3.90–4.67) 4.23 (3.87–4.57) 4.50 (3.94–5.13) 4.43 (3.91–4.95) 4.07 (3.57–4.62) 4.04 (3.60–4.50)
Iceland 3.53 (3.15–3.90) 3.58 (3.24–3.97) 3.79 (3.23–4.33) 3.77 (3.22–4.34) 3.25 (2.78–3.78) 3.38 (2.92–3.90)
India 3.78 (3.69–3.87) 3.72 (3.63–3.82) 3.95 (3.82–4.07) 3.88 (3.73–4.02) 3.61 (3.49–3.73) 3.56 (3.44–3.68)
Indonesia 3.43 (3.07–3.82) 3.36 (3.02–3.76) 3.59 (3.09–4.18) 3.53 (3.02–4.09) 3.28 (2.82–3.81) 3.21 (2.77–3.75)
Iran, Islamic Republic of 3.85 (3.46–4.27) 4.02 (3.64–4.44) 4.03 (3.46–4.64) 4.21 (3.65–4.85) 3.67 (3.17–4.20) 3.83 (3.33–4.37)
Iraq 3.46 (2.94–4.09) 3.76 (3.19–4.46) 3.64 (2.86–4.61) 3.95 (3.12–5.00) 3.30 (2.63–4.18) 3.59 (2.85–4.51)
Ireland 3.61 (3.24–4.06) 3.74 (3.35–4.18) 3.91 (3.35–4.57) 3.93 (3.38–4.58) 3.32 (2.84–3.85) 3.55 (3.01–4.14)
Israel 3.68 (3.20–4.17) 3.79 (3.27–4.37) 3.97 (3.21–4.81) 4.00 (3.20–4.91) 3.40 (2.79–4.08) 3.59 (2.91–4.32)
Italy 4.31 (4.11–4.51) 4.42 (4.22–4.61) 4.65 (4.30–4.98) 4.65 (4.34–4.96) 3.99 (3.72–4.26) 4.19 (3.92–4.45)
Jamaica 1.90 (1.76–2.06) 1.92 (1.77–2.08) 2.00 (1.81–2.22) 2.01 (1.79–2.26) 1.82 (1.63–2.03) 1.84 (1.63–2.06)
Japan 4.71 (4.54–4.89) 4.89 (4.71–5.08) 4.93 (4.67–5.19) 5.12 (4.85–5.41) 4.50 (4.27–4.75) 4.68 (4.43–4.93)
Jordan 3.54 (3.00–4.19) 4.13 (3.47–4.87) 3.69 (2.93–4.62) 4.31 (3.41–5.48) 3.38 (2.67–4.19) 3.95 (3.04–5.00)
Kazakhstan 4.92 (4.17–5.74) 5.98 (5.07–7.14) 5.16 (4.07–6.41) 6.31 (4.95–7.98) 4.72 (3.66–5.84) 5.70 (4.47–7.21)
Kenya 1.43 (1.30–1.58) 1.48 (1.34–1.62) 1.50 (1.29–1.71) 1.55 (1.34–1.77) 1.37 (1.19–1.58) 1.41 (1.22–1.60)
Kiribati 2.18 (1.80–2.65) 2.22 (1.82–2.68) 2.27 (1.72–2.97) 2.31 (1.72–3.05) 2.07 (1.59–2.70) 2.14 (1.60–2.79)
Korea, Democratic People's Republic of 3.34 (2.75–3.95) 3.79 (3.16–4.46) 3.49 (2.70–4.39) 4.01 (3.07–5.21) 3.20 (2.46–4.03) 3.59 (2.79–4.55)
Korea, Republic of 4.92 (4.68–5.17) 5.21 (4.98–5.48) 5.15 (4.79–5.52) 5.46 (5.12–5.81) 4.70 (4.39–5.04) 4.98 (4.66–5.32)
Kuwait 3.66 (3.31–4.05) 3.88 (3.46–4.31) 3.81 (3.32–4.36) 4.01 (3.45–4.60) 3.46 (3.02–3.95) 3.65 (3.13–4.19)
Kyrgyzstan 5.09 (4.29–5.98) 5.38 (4.55–6.32) 5.34 (4.30–6.64) 5.64 (4.43–7.12) 4.88 (3.79–6.04) 5.14 (4.08–6.41)
Lao People's Democratic Republic 4.58 (3.80–5.44) 4.45 (3.75–5.27) 4.78 (3.83–6.02) 4.69 (3.63–5.98) 4.39 (3.43–5.53) 4.23 (3.31–5.36)
Latvia 3.58 (3.03–4.24) 4.19 (3.57–5.01) 3.75 (2.97–4.74) 4.37 (3.41–5.45) 3.43 (2.74–4.30) 4.02 (3.20–5.08)
Lebanon 2.60 (2.34–2.88) 3.13 (2.78–3.54) 2.72 (2.32–3.15) 3.30 (2.75–3.89) 2.50 (2.13–2.91) 2.98 (2.49–3.52)
Lesotho 2.66 (2.18–3.14) 2.62 (2.21–3.11) 2.79 (2.13–3.56) 2.76 (2.16–3.49) 2.55 (1.94–3.23) 2.50 (1.92–3.18)
Liberia 2.64 (2.23–3.14) 2.68 (2.23–3.17) 2.76 (2.12–3.49) 2.82 (2.20–3.60) 2.52 (2.01–3.17) 2.55 (1.96–3.26)
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya 3.74 (3.14–4.45) 4.24 (3.55–5.01) 3.90 (3.06–4.97) 4.45 (3.50–5.60) 3.54 (2.76–4.50) 4.03 (3.15–5.08)
Lithuania 3.60 (3.04–4.27) 4.07 (3.47–4.74) 3.77 (3.00–4.64) 4.27 (3.44–5.38) 3.45 (2.73–4.34) 3.90 (3.06–4.79)
Luxembourg 3.87 (3.29–4.56) 4.07 (3.42–4.82) 4.18 (3.27–5.20) 4.28 (3.36–5.37) 3.57 (2.81–4.60) 3.85 (2.99–4.88)
Macedonia, the former Yugoslav Republic of 3.30 (2.77–3.90) 3.91 (3.31–4.55) 3.48 (2.75–4.47) 4.10 (3.21–5.09) 3.13 (2.47–3.98) 3.72 (2.93–4.64)
Madagascar 2.15 (1.83–2.59) 2.20 (1.85–2.58) 2.25 (1.75–2.86) 2.31 (1.81–2.88) 2.05 (1.61–2.61) 2.09 (1.65–2.65)
Malawi 1.63 (1.45–1.83) 1.66 (1.47–1.86) 1.71 (1.45–2.00) 1.73 (1.46–2.03) 1.56 (1.32–1.84) 1.58 (1.33–1.86)
Malaysia 3.42 (3.11–3.76) 3.57 (3.25–3.93) 3.57 (3.12–4.07) 3.74 (3.29–4.29) 3.27 (2.86–3.75) 3.40 (2.95–3.87)
Maldives 3.68 (3.00–4.49) 3.31 (2.58–4.17) 3.84 (2.77–5.05) 3.47 (2.37–4.88) 3.50 (2.56–4.65) 3.14 (2.18–4.26)
Mali 3.21 (2.71–3.74) 3.15 (2.67–3.76) 3.38 (2.69–4.28) 3.31 (2.57–4.20) 3.05 (2.38–3.86) 3.01 (2.35–3.80)
Malta 3.88 (3.53–4.25) 4.10 (3.74–4.50) 4.19 (3.66–4.75) 4.31 (3.78–4.89) 3.58 (3.14–4.03) 3.90 (3.44–4.45)
Marshall Islands 2.49 (2.11–2.94) 2.55 (2.15–3.01) 2.60 (2.05–3.31) 2.68 (2.12–3.40) 2.37 (1.87–3.00) 2.43 (1.88–3.05)
Mauritania 3.10 (2.61–3.69) 2.97 (2.49–3.48) 3.25 (2.53–4.15) 3.12 (2.43–3.99) 2.96 (2.32–3.75) 2.84 (2.21–3.57)
Mauritius 5.05 (4.23–5.93) 5.45 (4.57–6.50) 5.28 (4.10–6.65) 5.71 (4.40–7.28) 4.83 (3.77–6.20) 5.20 (4.06–6.60)
Mexico 2.71 (2.54–2.90) 2.76 (2.57–2.94) 2.85 (2.59–3.14) 2.89 (2.62–3.17) 2.58 (2.35–2.85) 2.63 (2.39–2.89)
Micronesia, Federated States of 2.51 (2.11–2.94) 2.56 (2.17–3.03) 2.62 (2.06–3.29) 2.68 (2.12–3.37) 2.39 (1.84–3.00) 2.44 (1.88–3.04)
Moldova, Republic of 3.59 (3.03–4.31) 3.95 (3.32–4.65) 3.80 (3.00–4.81) 4.13 (3.27–5.28) 3.41 (2.72–4.29) 3.79 (2.93–4.79)
Mongolia 5.18 (4.90–5.46) 5.14 (4.84–5.43) 5.43 (5.02–5.86) 5.38 (4.95–5.84) 4.94 (4.60–5.31) 4.91 (4.54–5.33)
Montenegro 3.15 (2.63–3.72) 3.63 (3.08–4.23) 3.31 (2.59–4.16) 3.81 (3.03–4.79) 2.99 (2.33–3.75) 3.45 (2.76–4.30)
Morocco 3.96 (3.34–4.66) 4.31 (3.67–5.06) 4.17 (3.28–5.21) 4.53 (3.55–5.78) 3.77 (2.97–4.65) 4.11 (3.24–5.12)
Mozambique 2.13 (1.79–2.51) 2.24 (1.86–2.65) 2.24 (1.75–2.84) 2.36 (1.85–2.98) 2.04 (1.60–2.57) 2.13 (1.67–2.75)
Myanmar 4.56 (3.81–5.37) 4.49 (3.75–5.29) 4.77 (3.68–5.99) 4.71 (3.63–5.96) 4.36 (3.43–5.56) 4.27 (3.36–5.36)
Namibia 2.59 (2.20–3.05) 2.64 (2.24–3.09) 2.72 (2.10–3.43) 2.78 (2.17–3.43) 2.47 (1.92–3.12) 2.51 (2.00–3.15)
Nepal 3.87 (3.27–4.57) 3.89 (3.30–4.59) 4.06 (3.22–5.09) 4.07 (3.23–5.20) 3.69 (2.89–4.63) 3.73 (2.89–4.61)
The Netherlands 3.44 (3.25–3.65) 3.32 (3.10–3.56) 3.72 (3.44–4.02) 3.50 (3.17–3.84) 3.17 (2.93–3.46) 3.15 (2.87–3.45)
New Zealand 3.27 (3.15–3.41) 3.47 (3.33–3.63) 3.44 (3.25–3.64) 3.65 (3.43–3.89) 3.12 (2.94–3.30) 3.31 (3.11–3.51)
Nicaragua 3.15 (2.65–3.78) 3.22 (2.72–3.83) 3.30 (2.56–4.22) 3.37 (2.57–4.26) 3.00 (2.33–3.83) 3.09 (2.41–3.88)
Niger 3.11 (2.60–3.66) 2.92 (2.48–3.44) 3.24 (2.54–4.04) 3.05 (2.37–3.82) 2.98 (2.32–3.74) 2.79 (2.17–3.47)
Nigeria 2.81 (2.50–3.17) 2.82 (2.51–3.17) 2.94 (2.51–3.45) 2.96 (2.52–3.48) 2.69 (2.29–3.18) 2.69 (2.30–3.17)
Norway 3.67 (3.10–4.36) 3.80 (3.24–4.49) 3.96 (3.10–4.96) 4.01 (3.15–5.06) 3.38 (2.63–4.18) 3.58 (2.77–4.51)
Oman 3.37 (2.81–4.01) 3.78 (3.17–4.46) 3.50 (2.70–4.38) 3.93 (3.08–4.93) 3.18 (2.50–4.00) 3.56 (2.82–4.46)
Pakistan 4.03 (3.42–4.73) 3.91 (3.32–4.66) 4.20 (3.31–5.24) 4.05 (3.18–5.14) 3.83 (3.01–4.75) 3.75 (2.97–4.77)
Palestinian Territory, Occupied 3.31 (2.77–3.93) 3.86 (3.24–4.57) 3.47 (2.72–4.48) 4.04 (3.16–5.13) 3.15 (2.45–3.96) 3.69 (2.87–4.65)
Panama 3.35 (2.84–4.00) 3.39 (2.89–3.98) 3.52 (2.82–4.42) 3.54 (2.79–4.55) 3.18 (2.51–3.99) 3.25 (2.54–4.03)
Papua New Guinea 2.45 (2.04–2.91) 2.45 (2.07–2.86) 2.57 (2.01–3.27) 2.58 (2.01–3.22) 2.32 (1.79–2.93) 2.33 (1.83–2.91)
Paraguay 4.01 (3.38–4.76) 4.31 (3.66–5.09) 4.23 (3.32–5.41) 4.52 (3.55–5.69) 3.80 (3.00–4.72) 4.10 (3.21–5.17)
Peru 3.05 (2.57–3.62) 3.07 (2.58–3.60) 3.20 (2.49–4.08) 3.22 (2.53–4.03) 2.91 (2.23–3.70) 2.91 (2.31–3.69)
Philippines 4.22 (3.55–4.99) 4.29 (3.65–5.10) 4.39 (3.44–5.50) 4.49 (3.50–5.68) 4.05 (3.19–5.09) 4.10 (3.20–5.29)
Poland 3.82 (3.57–4.07) 3.84 (3.61–4.06) 4.02 (3.67–4.40) 4.03 (3.68–4.38) 3.63 (3.29–3.98) 3.66 (3.37–4.00)
Portugal 3.88 (3.64–4.13) 4.24 (3.98–4.51) 4.20 (3.83–4.60) 4.46 (4.07–4.89) 3.58 (3.26–3.93) 4.03 (3.68–4.41)
Qatar 3.53 (2.87–4.28) 4.21 (3.34–5.17) 3.61 (2.78–4.55) 4.29 (3.25–5.44) 3.30 (2.59–4.27) 3.90 (2.98–5.04)
Romania 3.77 (3.21–4.43) 4.12 (3.46–4.83) 3.97 (3.11–4.99) 4.32 (3.42–5.43) 3.58 (2.85–4.41) 3.92 (3.08–4.93)
Russian Federation 3.72 (3.53–3.93) 4.17 (3.95–4.40) 3.91 (3.64–4.24) 4.38 (4.07–4.72) 3.56 (3.29–3.84) 3.99 (3.69–4.29)
Rwanda 1.52 (1.23–1.88) 1.60 (1.31–1.95) 1.59 (1.18–2.11) 1.67 (1.25–2.14) 1.45 (1.07–1.91) 1.53 (1.12–2.03)
Saint Lucia 2.84 (2.54–3.15) 2.93 (2.58–3.30) 2.98 (2.56–3.43) 3.08 (2.60–3.60) 2.72 (2.32–3.16) 2.80 (2.34–3.31)
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2.70 (2.29–3.18) 2.82 (2.39–3.32) 2.83 (2.26–3.50) 2.94 (2.30–3.69) 2.58 (2.03–3.24) 2.70 (2.09–3.46)
Samoa 2.15 (1.97–2.36) 2.07 (1.82–2.34) 2.25 (1.99–2.56) 2.16 (1.82–2.57) 2.05 (1.80–2.31) 1.97 (1.66–2.32)
Sao Tome and Principe 2.37 (1.98–2.84) 2.36 (1.97–2.77) 2.48 (1.93–3.19) 2.47 (1.93–3.14) 2.26 (1.74–2.93) 2.25 (1.77–2.87)
Saudi Arabia 2.98 (2.47–3.54) 3.20 (2.63–3.78) 3.08 (2.41–3.92) 3.33 (2.54–4.15) 2.82 (2.17–3.65) 3.03 (2.36–3.90)
Senegal 2.98 (2.49–3.52) 3.15 (2.67–3.71) 3.11 (2.41–3.91) 3.32 (2.55–4.17) 2.85 (2.23–3.59) 2.99 (2.34–3.77)
Serbia 3.21 (2.69–3.79) 3.67 (3.05–4.39) 3.37 (2.67–4.18) 3.87 (2.94–4.95) 3.05 (2.35–3.88) 3.48 (2.68–4.40)
Seychelles 4.36 (3.63–5.20) 4.34 (3.62–5.12) 4.59 (3.54–5.84) 4.57 (3.55–5.74) 4.14 (3.18–5.21) 4.12 (3.21–5.17)
Sierra Leone 2.52 (2.10–2.99) 2.51 (2.11–2.94) 2.64 (2.09–3.34) 2.63 (2.05–3.25) 2.40 (1.88–3.03) 2.39 (1.89–2.96)
Singapore 5.03 (4.28–5.90) 5.14 (4.36–6.02) 5.25 (4.13–6.49) 5.37 (4.22–6.79) 4.81 (3.70–6.07) 4.92 (3.89–6.18)
Slovakia 3.64 (3.07–4.29) 4.23 (3.55–5.00) 3.82 (3.01–4.78) 4.46 (3.51–5.58) 3.48 (2.73–4.36) 4.02 (3.13–4.97)
Slovenia 3.87 (3.52–4.23) 4.23 (3.83–4.67) 4.07 (3.56–4.61) 4.43 (3.86–5.07) 3.68 (3.21–4.22) 4.02 (3.50–4.61)
Solomon Islands 2.26 (1.91–2.65) 2.33 (1.96–2.76) 2.37 (1.85–2.98) 2.44 (1.93–3.11) 2.14 (1.66–2.68) 2.22 (1.74–2.77)
Somalia 2.04 (1.71–2.42) 2.07 (1.77–2.43) 2.14 (1.67–2.69) 2.17 (1.74–2.71) 1.95 (1.53–2.45) 1.97 (1.53–2.51)
South Africa 2.41 (2.28–2.55) 2.48 (2.34–2.62) 2.53 (2.33–2.74) 2.61 (2.41–2.82) 2.30 (2.12–2.50) 2.37 (2.17–2.56)
Spain 3.72 (3.49–3.99) 4.02 (3.77–4.27) 4.01 (3.66–4.41) 4.24 (3.89–4.61) 3.44 (3.15–3.75) 3.81 (3.50–4.15)
Sri Lanka 3.92 (3.33–4.60) 3.87 (3.27–4.54) 4.10 (3.23–5.10) 4.07 (3.16–5.11) 3.75 (2.97–4.66) 3.69 (2.87–4.67)
Sudan 2.31 (1.96–2.71) 2.37 (2.01–2.79) 2.43 (1.92–3.02) 2.49 (1.93–3.17) 2.21 (1.74–2.79) 2.26 (1.77–2.82)
Suriname 2.66 (2.25–3.12) 2.89 (2.43–3.42) 2.79 (2.19–3.48) 3.03 (2.35–3.85) 2.53 (1.99–3.15) 2.76 (2.16–3.51)
Swaziland 2.63 (2.20–3.09) 2.53 (2.16–3.02) 2.77 (2.16–3.48) 2.67 (2.11–3.40) 2.52 (1.99–3.17) 2.42 (1.90–2.99)
Sweden 3.50 (3.32–3.70) 3.65 (3.46–3.85) 3.77 (3.50–4.05) 3.84 (3.56–4.15) 3.23 (3.01–3.47) 3.46 (3.22–3.71)
Switzerland 3.64 (3.41–3.89) 3.61 (3.40–3.85) 3.93 (3.60–4.29) 3.80 (3.48–4.13) 3.36 (3.08–3.67) 3.42 (3.13–3.74)
Syrian Arab Republic 3.80 (3.22–4.46) 4.18 (3.53–4.92) 3.97 (3.13–4.98) 4.37 (3.43–5.49) 3.64 (2.86–4.53) 3.99 (3.10–4.98)
Taiwan, Province of China 3.40 (3.12–3.69) 3.92 (3.66–4.17) 3.55 (3.14–3.99) 4.10 (3.72–4.48) 3.23 (2.85–3.61) 3.74 (3.40–4.11)
Tajikistan 5.03 (4.23–5.97) 5.40 (4.64–6.27) 5.29 (4.12–6.55) 5.70 (4.47–7.26) 4.79 (3.76–5.97) 5.13 (4.01–6.36)
Tanzania, United Republic of 2.81 (2.53–3.14) 2.75 (2.45–3.08) 2.94 (2.52–3.43) 2.88 (2.46–3.42) 2.69 (2.28–3.16) 2.62 (2.20–3.08)
Thailand 5.23 (4.82–5.66) 5.31 (4.88–5.75) 5.49 (4.94–6.15) 5.58 (4.97–6.18) 4.99 (4.46–5.58) 5.06 (4.54–5.65)
Timor-Leste 4.59 (3.83–5.38) 4.47 (3.71–5.32) 4.80 (3.78–5.98) 4.69 (3.61–5.91) 4.38 (3.45–5.56) 4.25 (3.39–5.37)
Togo 2.81 (2.40–3.33) 2.78 (2.36–3.34) 2.96 (2.29–3.82) 2.94 (2.30–3.77) 2.67 (2.12–3.35) 2.64 (2.09–3.29)
Tonga 2.61 (2.17–3.10) 2.73 (2.28–3.18) 2.72 (2.10–3.47) 2.88 (2.21–3.61) 2.50 (1.94–3.18) 2.58 (2.00–3.32)
Trinidad and Tobago 2.75 (2.51–3.01) 2.93 (2.63–3.23) 2.90 (2.55–3.28) 3.07 (2.64–3.56) 2.62 (2.30–2.95) 2.80 (2.43–3.19)
Tunisia 4.12 (3.51–4.91) 4.43 (3.72–5.23) 4.31 (3.37–5.44) 4.63 (3.61–5.83) 3.93 (3.09–4.91) 4.24 (3.32–5.34)
Turkey 3.76 (3.50–4.06) 4.10 (3.80–4.43) 3.94 (3.51–4.39) 4.30 (3.85–4.78) 3.59 (3.22–3.97) 3.91 (3.50–4.37)
Turkmenistan 5.10 (4.35–6.06) 5.43 (4.64–6.35) 5.35 (4.27–6.69) 5.69 (4.48–7.14) 4.87 (3.92–6.12) 5.20 (4.12–6.38)
Uganda 1.95 (1.58–2.37) 2.11 (1.75–2.52) 2.05 (1.55–2.68) 2.21 (1.72–2.82) 1.86 (1.39–2.43) 2.00 (1.54–2.54)
Ukraine 3.85 (3.25–4.53) 4.19 (3.56–4.93) 4.05 (3.18–5.00) 4.41 (3.45–5.46) 3.68 (2.88–4.69) 4.01 (3.13–5.05)
United Arab Emirates 3.40 (2.73–4.16) 3.67 (2.97–4.47) 3.50 (2.64–4.48) 3.76 (2.92–4.78) 3.16 (2.38–4.12) 3.43 (2.65–4.39)
UK 3.48 (3.32–3.64) 3.61 (3.45–3.78) 3.75 (3.53–4.02) 3.80 (3.57–4.05) 3.21 (3.02–3.42) 3.42 (3.22–3.63)
USA 3.44 (3.35–3.53) 3.60 (3.50–3.70) 3.62 (3.48–3.77) 3.78 (3.63–3.93) 3.26 (3.14–3.40) 3.43 (3.29–3.56)
Uruguay 2.77 (2.34–3.27) 2.73 (2.32–3.18) 2.90 (2.24–3.65) 2.87 (2.27–3.58) 2.65 (2.09–3.35) 2.60 (2.05–3.28)
Uzbekistan 5.34 (4.50–6.25) 5.63 (4.83–6.53) 5.62 (4.47–6.93) 5.91 (4.67–7.41) 5.08 (4.04–6.39) 5.36 (4.28–6.66)
Vanuatu 2.17 (1.83–2.56) 2.24 (1.90–2.65) 2.26 (1.75–2.88) 2.33 (1.80–2.95) 2.07 (1.63–2.61) 2.14 (1.64–2.70)
Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of 3.37 (2.84–3.92) 3.55 (3.01–4.18) 3.52 (2.81–4.39) 3.72 (2.92–4.66) 3.22 (2.52–3.98) 3.39 (2.65–4.21)
Viet Nam 4.48 (3.82–5.27) 4.59 (3.81–5.46) 4.67 (3.70–5.88) 4.83 (3.69–6.16) 4.31 (3.35–5.39) 4.37 (3.43–5.47)
Yemen 3.27 (2.76–3.86) 3.37 (2.82–4.05) 3.43 (2.65–4.38) 3.55 (2.74–4.53) 3.13 (2.46–3.94) 3.21 (2.48–4.13)
Zambia 2.27 (1.91–2.69) 2.27 (1.91–2.70) 2.39 (1.84–3.03) 2.38 (1.91–3.00) 2.15 (1.67–2.70) 2.17 (1.70–2.71)
Zimbabwe 3.06 (2.82–3.29) 3.10 (2.81–3.39) 3.21 (2.85–3.59) 3.25 (2.83–3.66) 2.92 (2.59–3.23) 2.95 (2.58–3.39)