Figure 5.

Proposed mechanisms of proinflammatory factors-stimulated activation of various signaling molecules and transcription factors leading to the expression of inflammatory target genes in brain resident cells. The intracellular signaling molecules include ROS, EGFR/PDFER, PI3K/Akt, and MAPKs. Oxidative stress may regulate these signaling pathways leading to activation of transcription factors such as NF-κB and AP-1 and recruitment of coactivator p300 in the transcription initiation complex. Ultimately, upregulation of diverse inflammatory target proteins can cause the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; PDGFR: platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PI3K: phosphoinositide-3′-kinase; MAPKs: mitogen-activated protein kinases; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB; AP-1: activator protein-1.