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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Econ Educ Rev. 2013 May 3;35:10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.04.004. doi: 10.1016/j.econedurev.2013.04.004

Logit and Conditional Fixed-Effects Logit Estimates

Cross-Sectional
All Twis		 Cross-Sectional
Discordant Twins		 Within-MZ Twins Within-MZ Twins Within-MZ Twins
Twin pairs who agree
on schooling differences
Logit Logit Conditional FE
Logit		 Conditional FE IV
Logit		 Conditional FE
Logit
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)
Health Outcomes
Overweight −0.096
(0.023)***
[1482]		 0.006
(0.035)
[622]		 0.018
(0.072)
[70]		 0.062
(0.126)
[70]		 0.105
(0.086)
[51]
Health-Related Behaviors
Never Smoker 0.108
(0.022)***
[1482]		 0.067
(0.034)*
[622]		 0.003
(0.077)
[77]		 −0.214
(0.136)
[77]		 −0.030
(0.093)
[50]
Current Smoker −0.146
(0.035)***
[1482]		 −0.114
(0.050)**
[622]		 −0.008
(0.092)
[50]		 −0.040
(0.172)
[50]		 −0.053
(0.118)
[30]
Moderate or Heavy Exercise during Leisure time 0.051
(0.022)**
[1482]		 0.010
(0.035)
[622]		 −0.029
(0.063)
[113]		 0.163
(0.110)
[113]		 −0.008
(0.071)
[82]

Notes: Columns 1 and 2 control for age and age squared. Standard errors reported in (.) and N reported in [.]. For the conditional fixed-effects logit estimates, N refers to the number of twin pairs who differ on schooling attainment and the binary health measure. Estimates in column 4 are based on a two step procedure. In the first stage we do a MZ-fixed-effects regression of self-reported schooling on the estimate of the co-twin’s schooling. The second stage performs conditional fixed-effects logit regressions using the predicted values from the first stage in place on self-reported schooling. Both stages are performed with bootstrap standard errors based on 500 replications.

***

significant at 1%

**

significant at 5%

*

significant at 10%