Table 2.
Summary of used premedication before intubation in publications studying the INSURE procedure.
| Author | Premedication and dosage | Number of patients | Patient characteristics | Effect of premedication | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time to extubation | INSURE failure | Reason for INSURE failure | ||||
| Ancora et al. 2010 [26] | Atropine 20 µg/kg, fentanyl 1–3 µg/kg, naloxone 40 µg/kg optional | 38 | GA < 32 weeks and BW < 1500 grams | Not described | 14 patients | Severe apnea in 13 patients |
| Van den Berg et.al. 2010 [22] | Morphine 100 µg/kg or pethidine 1 mg/kg, nalaxon 10 µg/kg before extubation | 16 | GA < 32 weeks | Not described | Not described | Not described |
| Bohlin et al. 2007 [23] | Morphine 200 µg/kg and Pentobarbital 2 mg/kg, naloxone 0.1 mg/kg before extubation | 42 | GA 27–34 weeks | Not described | 1 patient | Overdose of pentobarbital |
| Cherif et al. 2008 [20] | Morphine 200 µg/kg | 109 | GA 27–35 weeks | 6.3 ± 1.7 minutes (range 5–12 minutes) | 35 patients | Not described |
| Flor-de-Lima et.al. 2012 [18] | Morphine 100 µg/kg, naloxone 100 µg/kg optional | 15 | BW < 1500 grams | Not described | Not described | Not described |
| Gizzi et al. 2012 [25] | Fentanyl 0.5–2 µg/kg, naloxone 40 µg/kg optional | 64 | GA < 32 weeks | Not described | 13 patients | Apnea in 4 patients |
| Leone et al. 2013 [27] | Fentanyl 0.2 mg/kg | 42 | GA < 34 weeks | Not described | Not described | Not described |
| Sandri et al. 2004 [24] | Fentanyl 0.5–2 µg/kg | 51 | GA 28–32 weeks | Not described | Not described | Not described |
| Verder et al. 1994 [19] | Morphine 100 ug/kg, atropine 10 ug/kg, naloxon 10 ug/kg optional | 35 | GA 25–35 weeks | Not described | 15 patients | Apnea in 10 patients |
| Verder et al. 1999 [21] | Morphine 100 µg/kg optional, naloxon 10 µg/kg before extubation optional | 60 | GA < 30 weeks | Not described | 4 patients | Apnea in 2 patients |
| Welzing et al. 2009 [16] | Remifentanil 2 µg/kg and atropine 10 µg/kg | 21 | GA 29–32 weeks | Start CPAP at 10.9 minutes (1–30 minutes) and extubation at 42.4 minutes (1–330 minutes) | Not described | Not described |
| Welzing et al. 2010 [17] | Propofol 1 mg/kg and atropine 10 µg/kg | 13 | GA 29–32 weeks | Start CPAP at 25 minutes (2–120 minutes) | 1 patient | Inadequate respiratory drive |