Table 2.
Relative Rates of Mental Disorders in Offspring of Parents With Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, or Depression Compared With Control Offspring of Parents With No SMI
| Parent Diagnosis | Offspring Disorder | All Ages | Under 20 Years of Age | Age 20 and Over | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR | Lower | Upper | P | RR | Lower | Upper | P | RR | Lower | Upper | P | ||
| SMI | SMI | 2.52 | 2.08 | 3.06 | .000 | 2.74 | 2.25 | 3.34 | .000 | 2.28 | 1.71 | 3.05 | .000 |
| Other SMI | 1.92 | 1.48 | 2.49 | .000 | 2.43 | 1.71 | 3.46 | .000 | 1.67 | 1.21 | 2.29 | .002 | |
| Schizophrenia | 3.94 | 2.03 | 7.63 | .000 | 1.09 | 0.48 | 2.51 | .833 | 6.19 | 3.50 | 10.96 | .000 | |
| Bipolar | 4.04 | 2.33 | 7.01 | .000 | 5.63 | 1.82 | 17.38 | .003 | 3.84 | 1.89 | 7.80 | .000 | |
| Depression | 2.03 | 1.57 | 2.61 | .000 | 2.74 | 2.26 | 3.33 | .000 | 1.52 | 1.06 | 2.17 | .022 | |
| Anxiety | 1.72 | 1.47 | 2.01 | .000 | 1.84 | 1.54 | 2.21 | .000 | 1.47 | 1.11 | 1.96 | .007 | |
| Disruptive | 1.91 | 1.41 | 2.60 | .000 | 1.87 | 1.37 | 2.55 | .000 | 3.22 | 0.76 | 13.71 | .114 | |
| Substance use | 1.56 | 1.28 | 1.90 | .000 | 2.02 | 1.30 | 3.12 | .002 | 1.52 | 1.14 | 2.02 | .005 | |
| ADHD | 1.86 | 1.48 | 2.32 | .000 | 1.86 | 1.48 | 2.32 | .000 | |||||
| Any disorder | 1.60 | 1.46 | 1.76 | .000 | 1.77 | 1.61 | 1.96 | .000 | 1.45 | 1.28 | 1.64 | .000 | |
| Schizophrenia | SMI | 2.21 | 1.55 | 3.14 | .000 | 2.20 | 0.45 | 10.63 | .329 | 2.21 | 1.51 | 3.25 | .000 |
| Other SMI | 1.62 | 1.02 | 2.58 | .042 | 1.80 | 0.35 | 9.25 | .481 | 1.61 | 0.97 | 2.67 | .068 | |
| Schizophrenia | 7.54 | 4.02 | 14.13 | .000 | 2.64 | 0.11 | 62.92 | .548 | 7.87 | 4.14 | 14.94 | .000 | |
| Bipolar | 1.84 | 0.73 | 4.66 | .197 | 2.64 | 0.11 | 62.92 | .548 | 1.78 | 0.67 | 4.70 | .244 | |
| Depression | 1.31 | 0.78 | 2.20 | .312 | 1.32 | 0.23 | 7.45 | .755 | 1.31 | 0.74 | 2.31 | .357 | |
| Anxiety | 0.97 | 0.68 | 1.39 | .874 | 1.00 | 0.57 | 1.76 | .990 | 0.95 | 0.60 | 1.50 | .830 | |
| Disruptive | 1.90 | 0.81 | 4.49 | .142 | 1.90 | 0.81 | 4.49 | .142 | |||||
| Substance use | 1.72 | 0.88 | 3.37 | .112 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 6.99 | .449 | 1.86 | 0.93 | 3.71 | .079 | |
| ADHD | 1.76 | 0.34 | 9.03 | .500 | 1.76 | 0.34 | 9.03 | .500 | |||||
| Any disorder | 1.45 | 1.17 | 1.79 | .001 | 1.45 | 1.17 | 1.79 | .001 | |||||
| Bipolar | SMI | 2.42 | 1.65 | 3.54 | .000 | 3.46 | 1.97 | 6.09 | .000 | 1.70 | 1.30 | 2.23 | .000 |
| Other SMI | 2.03 | 1.49 | 2.78 | .000 | 2.81 | 1.73 | 4.58 | .000 | 1.59 | 1.17 | 2.15 | .003 | |
| Schizophrenia | 2.76 | 0.67 | 11.27 | .158 | 0.77 | 0.27 | 2.21 | .622 | 6.42 | 2.20 | 18.78 | .001 | |
| Bipolar | 4.06 | 1.91 | 8.62 | .000 | 6.42 | 1.91 | 21.56 | .003 | 4.13 | 0.66 | 25.91 | .130 | |
| Depression | 2.07 | 1.27 | 3.35 | .003 | 3.20 | 2.05 | 5.00 | .000 | 1.13 | 0.79 | 1.63 | .501 | |
| Anxiety | 1.92 | 1.56 | 2.36 | .000 | 2.01 | 1.59 | 2.52 | .000 | 1.59 | 0.98 | 2.56 | .058 | |
| Disruptive | 1.84 | 1.24 | 2.72 | .002 | 1.84 | 1.24 | 2.72 | .002 | |||||
| Substance use | 1.45 | 1.07 | 1.97 | .016 | 1.82 | 1.10 | 3.04 | .021 | 1.28 | 0.88 | 1.87 | .201 | |
| ADHD | 1.62 | 1.23 | 2.13 | .001 | 1.62 | 1.23 | 2.13 | .001 | |||||
| Any disorder | 1.66 | 1.50 | 1.83 | .000 | 1.75 | 1.54 | 2.00 | .000 | 1.54 | 1.33 | 1.79 | .000 | |
| Depression | SMI | 2.45 | 2.03 | 2.95 | .000 | 2.61 | 2.12 | 3.22 | .000 | 2.21 | 1.50 | 3.26 | .000 |
| Other SMI | 4.07 | 0.55 | 30.10 | .169 | 1.87 | 0.76 | 4.65 | .176 | 8.49 | 0.43 | 166.86 | .159 | |
| Schizophrenia | 1.52 | 0.63 | 3.64 | .349 | 1.48 | 0.57 | 3.85 | .417 | 1.71 | 0.19 | 15.16 | .631 | |
| Bipolar | 5.03 | 0.90 | 28.18 | .066 | 5.77 | 0.28 | 118.82 | .256 | 4.45 | 0.31 | 63.73 | .272 | |
| Depression | 2.38 | 1.94 | 2.91 | .000 | 2.66 | 2.10 | 3.36 | .000 | 2.05 | 1.57 | 2.68 | .000 | |
| Anxiety | 1.78 | 1.41 | 2.25 | .000 | 2.00 | 1.58 | 2.52 | .000 | 1.41 | 0.79 | 2.54 | .249 | |
| Disruptive | 1.80 | 1.56 | 2.09 | .000 | 1.82 | 1.56 | 2.12 | .000 | 1.63 | 0.69 | 3.87 | .264 | |
| Substance use | 1.72 | 1.30 | 2.27 | .000 | 3.15 | 1.59 | 6.26 | .001 | 1.53 | 1.13 | 2.07 | .006 | |
| ADHD | 2.40 | 1.66 | 3.47 | .000 | 2.40 | 1.66 | 3.47 | .000 | |||||
| Any disorder | 1.64 | 1.40 | 1.92 | .000 | 1.82 | 1.57 | 2.10 | .000 | 1.35 | 0.98 | 1.84 | .063 | |
Note: Abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to table 1. All relative risks, expressed as risk ratios (RR), are based on random-effect meta-analyses. Relative rate estimate, expressed as RR is printed in bold, followed by the lower and upper bounds of the 95% CI and the P value for the rate difference between high-risk and comparison offspring.