Biocompatibility of Jeffamine-bound surfactant with three biochemical assays. (A) Homogeneous pFRET assay response to insulin (blue bars) was inhibited by Krytox (orange bars), then rescued by the Jeffamine additive (green bars). (B) DIC and composite images of droplets made with Krytox surfactant and no Jeffamine aqueous additive. Thermally cycled droplets show evidence of reagent precipitation at the oil-water interface. (C) Droplet PCR with varying template DNA concentrations of 0, 160 fM, or 16 pM (0, 7, or 670 copies/droplet). Control droplets (red in image) contained background levels of probe and were not thermally cycled. (D) Isothermal droplet RPA with 160 fM (7 copies/droplet) template (37 °C). Control droplets (red) were subjected to incubation with RPA reagents, but contained no template DNA. The abbreviation “cpd” refers to DNA copies per droplet.