Table 2. Comparisons of bile acid profiles in maternal serum.
| Median (IQR) (µmol/L) | Control vs. Untreated | Untreated vs. UDCA Treated | Controls vs. UDCA Treated | |||
| Control | Untreated | Treated | P value | P value | P value | |
| Total bile acid | 1.20 (0.48–1.96) | 21.30 (15.83–33.79) | 6.70 (2.56–16.41) | <0.0001 *** | <0.0001 *** | <0.0001 *** |
| Total CA | 0.25 (0.15–0.52) | 14.17 (9.44–24.22) | 1.01 (0.37–3.80) | <0.0001 *** | <0.0001 *** | 0.0028 ** |
| CA | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.12 (0.03–0.20) | 0.03 (0.00–0.08) | 0.0360 * | 0.0084 ** | 0.5241 |
| TCA | 0.06 (0.02–0.31) | 6.325 (3.78–12.11) | 0.32 (0.11–0.87) | < 0.0001 *** | < 0.0001 *** | 0.0112 * |
| GCA | 0.12 (0.06–0.20) | 5.47 (3.92–10.96) | 0.62 (0.23–2.63) | < 0.0001 *** | < 0.0001 *** | 0.0004 ** |
| Total CDCA | 0.32 (0.13–0.81) | 5.49 (3.64–7.23) | 1.15 (0.34–2.15) | <0.0001 *** | <0.0001 *** | 0.0032 ** |
| CDCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.02 (0.00–0.09) | 0.01 (0.00–0.05) | 0.3913 | 0.7069 | 0.5487 |
| TCDCA | 0.09 (0.03–0.19) | 2.22 (1.38–3.78) | 0.30 (0.12–0.70) | < 0.0001 *** | <0.0001 *** | 0.0041 ** |
| GCDCA | 0.16 (0.08–0.23) | 2.67 (1.85–3.85) | 0.83 (0.24–1.44) | < 0.0001 *** | < 0.0001 *** | 0.0016 ** |
| Total DCA | 0.27 (0.14–0.44) | 0.98 (0.34–2.17) | 0.36 (0.13–0.87) | 0.0027 ** | 0.0271 * | 0.1749 |
| DCA | 0.11 (0.03–0.26) | 0.03 (0.0–0.16) | 0.05 (0.15–0.10) | 0.0574 | 0.3314 | 0.0259 * |
| TDCA | 0.03 (0.0–0.08) | 0.45 (0.16–1.04) | 0.10 (0.03–0.25) | 0.0002 ** | 0.0012 ** | 0.0208 * |
| GDCA | 0.05 (0.03–0.12) | 0.37 (0.14–1.15) | 0.20 (0.05–0.54) | 0.0013 ** | 0.1496 | 0.0109 * |
| Total LCA | 0.04 (0.03–0.05) | 0.04 (0.02–0.06) | 0.05 (0.03–0.09) | 0.9280 | 0.2628 | 0.1671 |
| LCA | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.01 (0.0–0.02) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) | 0.1023 | 1.000 | 0.0428 * |
| TLCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.01 (0.00–0.03) | 0.6337 | 0.4834 | 0.1264 |
| GLCA | 0.02 (0.01–0.02) | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) | 0.03 (0.02–0.05) | 0.4806 | 0.0462 * | 0.0027 ** |
| Total UDCA | 0.03 (0.01–0.08) | 0.07 (0.02–3.56) | 3.37 (1.06–8.78) | 0.1289 | 0.0003 *** | <0.0001 *** |
| UDCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.01 (0.00–0.06) | 0.25 (0.08–0.92) | 0.3152 | < 0.0001 *** | < 0.0001 *** |
| TUDCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.03 (0.00–0.84) | 0.45 (0.11–1.08) | 0.0110 * | 0.0045 ** | < 0.0001 *** |
| GUDCA | 0.01 (0.01–0.03) | 0.04 (0.00–2.41) | 2.10 (0.80–6.12) | 0.1482 | 0.0004 *** | < 0.0001 *** |
| HDCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) | 0.0644 | 0.1183 | 0.3665 |
| HCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.01) | 0.00 (0.00–0.02) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.8230 | 0.7163 | 0.9723 |
| άMCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.03) | - | - | - |
| βMCA | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | - | - | - |
CA – cholic acid, CDCA – chenodeoxycholic acid, DCA – deoxycholic acid, acid, LCA – lithocholic acid, UDCA – ursodeoxycholic acid, T and G prefixes denotes glycine and taurine conjugation respectively, − = statistical analysis not performed as bile acid levels at the limit of detection.