Table 1. Characteristics by Whole Cow's Milk Consumption in Older Chinese (5853 men and 14,482 women) in Phases 1 and 2 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study, 2003–2006.
| Whole cow's milk consumption (aportions/week) | ||||||||
| Men | Women | |||||||
| 0 | 1–3 | >3 | c P value | 0 | 1–3 | >3 | c P value | |
| N | 4360 | 721 | 772 | 10532 | 1968 | 1982 | ||
| Age group (%) | ||||||||
| 50–54 | 5.32 | 12.34 | 6.61 | 14.41 | 25.71 | 18.62 | ||
| 55–59 | 18.37 | 18.86 | 17.23 | 27.24 | 31.20 | 26.79 | ||
| 60–64 | 25.46 | 26.77 | 24.61 | 21.61 | 18.19 | 20.74 | ||
| 65–69 | 27.50 | 25.24 | 28.11 | 22.32 | 16.72 | 21.19 | ||
| 70–74 | 19.68 | 14.56 | 18.91 | 11.86 | 7.37 | 11.05 | ||
| 75–79 | 3.19 | 1.94 | 3.89 | 2.23 | 0.66 | 1.51 | ||
| ≥80 | 0.48 | 0.28 | 0.65 | <0.001 | 0.32 | 0.15 | 0.10 | <0.001 |
| Education (%) | ||||||||
| Less than primary school | 3.21 | 1.94 | 0.91 | 16.53 | 7.12 | 6.87 | ||
| Primary school | 31.01 | 21.50 | 16.71 | 39.74 | 32.89 | 30.39 | ||
| Junior middle school | 28.72 | 30.93 | 26.55 | 23.25 | 29.84 | 27.26 | ||
| Senior middle school | 21.46 | 24.27 | 27.72 | 15.78 | 23.34 | 25.69 | ||
| Junior college | 8.26 | 10.68 | 15.16 | 3.12 | 4.63 | 5.86 | ||
| College or above | 7.32 | 10.68 | 12.95 | <0.001 | 1.59 | 2.19 | 3.94 | <0.001 |
| Job type (%) | ||||||||
| Manual | 49.29 | 43.83 | 36.27 | 69.32 | 59.81 | 53.48 | ||
| Non-manual | 39.68 | 35.37 | 47.80 | 18.56 | 17.94 | 25.48 | ||
| Other | 11.03 | 20.80 | 15.93 | <0.001 | 12.12 | 22.26 | 21.04 | <0.001 |
| Father's occupation (%) | ||||||||
| Manual | 47.13 | 48.54 | 45.60 | 45.37 | 46.95 | 40.21 | ||
| Non-manual | 11.33 | 13.04 | 15.03 | 11.53 | 12.09 | 14.63 | ||
| Other | 41.54 | 38.42 | 39.38 | 0.029 | 43.11 | 40.96 | 45.16 | <0.001 |
| bIncome group (%) | ||||||||
| <10000 yuan (∼US$1250) | 23.39 | 19.97 | 16.78 | 47.94 | 39.45 | 36.15 | ||
| 10000 to 15000 yuan | 45.45 | 45.30 | 43.89 | 41.50 | 48.47 | 48.42 | ||
| ≥15000 yuan | 31.17 | 34.73 | 39.33 | <0.001 | 10.56 | 12.08 | 15.43 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 38.75 | 44.94 | 48.19 | 95.42 | 97.36 | 97.28 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 29.94 | 26.35 | 31.48 | 2.08 | 1.27 | 1.31 | ||
| Current smoker | 31.31 | 28.71 | 20.34 | <0.001 | 2.50 | 1.37 | 1.41 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use (%) | ||||||||
| Never | 58.75 | 64.02 | 65.55 | 89.59 | 89.85 | 88.88 | ||
| <1/month | 14.57 | 16.43 | 14.42 | 6.14 | 7.36 | 6.62 | ||
| <1/week | 4.17 | 5.24 | 4.41 | 1.04 | 1.16 | 1.76 | ||
| 1–4/week | 8.86 | 6.94 | 7.48 | 1.17 | 0.63 | 1.45 | ||
| >5/week | 10.33 | 7.08 | 6.81 | 1.38 | 0.89 | 1.09 | ||
| Ex-drinker | 3.31 | 0.28 | 1.34 | <0.001 | 0.68 | 0.11 | 0.21 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity (IPAQ) (%) | ||||||||
| Inactive | 8.35 | 9.71 | 7.90 | 7.82 | 10.47 | 7.62 | ||
| Minimally active | 48.35 | 53.81 | 50.52 | 45.20 | 52.39 | 49.45 | ||
| HEPA | 43.30 | 36.48 | 41.58 | 0.013 | 46.98 | 37.14 | 42.94 | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 23.54 | 23.46 | 23.39 | 0.46 | 23.94 | 23.81 | 23.54 | <0.001 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.901 | 0.899 | 0.897 | 0.18 | 0.859 | 0.847 | 0.845 | <0.001 |
Abbreviations: IPAQ, International Physical Activity Questionnaire; HEPA, health-enhancing physical activity, i.e., vigorous activity at least 3 days a week that corresponds to a minimum of 1500 metabolic equivalent (MET) minutes per week, or activity 7 days of the week that corresponds to at least 3000 MET minutes per week.
a 1 portion = 250 ml; bUS$1 = 8 yuan (according to exchange rate from 2003 to 2006).
c P value from chi-square test for categorical variables and from one-way analysis of variants (ANOVA) for continuous variables, 2 sided; bold values indicate P<0.05.