Table 3. Adjusted Associations of Whole Cow's Milk Consumption with CVD Risk Factors in Older Chinese (5853 men and 14,482 women) in Phases 1 and 2 of the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study, 2003–2006.

				Whole cow's milk consumption (cportions/week)					P-value for trend
		N		0	1–3		>3
aCVD risk factor	bModel	Men	Women		dcoefficient	95% CI	coefficient	95% CI
Systolic blood	1	5826	14431	reference	−1.59	−2.68, −0.50	−3.57	−4.64, −2.50	<0.001
pressure (mm Hg)	2	5445	13422	reference	−1.33	−2.47, −0.21	−3.28	−4.39, −2.17	<0.001
	3	5424	13369	reference	−1.10	−2.20, −0.02	−2.56	−3.63, −1.49	<0.001
Diastolic blood	1	5825	14430	reference	−0.86	−1.43, −0.30	−1.83	−2.38, −1.28	<0.001
pressure (mm Hg)	2	5444	13421	reference	−0.74	−1.33, −0.16	−1.70	−2.28, −1.13	<0.001
	3	5423	13368	reference	−0.62	−1.18, −0.06	−1.32	−1.87, −0.77	<0.001
Pulse pressure	1	5822	14425	reference	−0.72	−1.44, 0.01	−1.76	−2.47, −1.05	<0.001
(mm Hg)	2	5441	13416	reference	−0.65	−1.40, 0.10	−1.68	−2.42, −0.94	<0.001
	3	5420	13363	reference	−0.54	−1.28, 0.20	−1.31	−2.04, −0.58	<0.001
HDL-cholesterol	1	5826	14414	reference	0.03	0.01, 0.05	0.03	0.02, 0.05	<0.001
(mmol/L)	2	5447	13407	reference	0.03	0.01, 0.05	0.03	0.01, 0.05	<0.001
	3	5414	13334	reference	0.03	0.01, 0.04	0.02	0.01, 0.04	0.002
LDL-cholesterol	1	5812	14370	reference	0.02	−0.01, 0.05	0.03	−0.003, 0.05	0.042
(mmol/L)	2	5433	13364	reference	0.02	−0.01, 0.05	0.02	−0.01, 0.05	0.17
	3	5400	13291	reference	0.02	−0.01, 0.05	0.02	−0.01, 0.05	0.08
Triglycerides	1	5827	14419	reference	−0.09	−0.14, −0.03	−0.10	−0.15, −0.04	<0.001
(mmol/L)	2	5448	13411	reference	−0.09	−0.14, −0.03	−0.09	−0.15, −0.04	<0.001
	3	5415	13338	reference	−0.08	−0.13, −0.02	−0.06	−0.11, −0.002	0.009
Fasting plasma	1	5806	14384	reference	−0.02	−0.09, 0.06	0.05	−0.03, 0.12	0.34
glucose (mmol/L)	2	5424	13379	reference	0.003	−0.08, 0.08	0.05	−0.03, 0.13	0.24
	3	5394	13306	reference	0.01	−0.07, 0.09	0.08	0.01, 0.16	0.048
Body mass index	1	5825	14440	reference	−0.10	−0.24, 0.04	−0.31	−0.45, −0.17	<0.001
	2	5453	13430	reference	−0.07	−0.21, 0.08	−0.26	−0.40, −0.11	<0.001
Waist-hip ratio	1	5822	14419	reference	−0.003	−0.01, −0.001	−0.01	−0.01, −0.006	<0.001
	2	5442	13409	reference	−0.002	−0.004, 0.001	−0.01	−0.01, −0.003	<0.001
					OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Diabetes	1	5818	14418	reference	0.98	0.86, 1.12	1.07	0.95, 1.21	0.35
	2	5437	13410	reference	0.98	0.85, 1.12	1.04	0.91, 1.18	0.67
	3	5403	13334	reference	0.99	0.86, 1.13	1.09	0.96, 1.24	0.24

^aCensored regression was used for systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, pulse pressure, HDL, LDL, triglyceride and fasting plasma glucose; linear regression was used for body mass index and waist-hip ratio; logistic regression was used for diabetes.

^bModel 1 adjusted for age, sex and phase; Model 2 adjusted for age, sex, phase, SEP (education, father's occupation, longest-held occupation and personal income) and lifestyle (smoking status, alcohol use and physical activity); Model 3 adjusted for age, sex, phase, SEP, lifestyle, BMI and WHR.

^c1 portion = 250 ml.

^dCoefficient means changes in risk factors; bold values indicate P<0.05.