Fig. 4.

Apoptosis and necrosis induction by LtxA. hCMEC/D3 were cultured with LtxA or buffer or untreated for 48 or 72 h and apoptosis or necrosis was analyzed by Annexin-V and 7-AAD staining and flow cytometry. A pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk was added for 72 h to untreated cells as well as cells treated with high doses of LtxA (500 ng/ml and 5 μg/ml). Data represents mean values and SEM. Significance was tested using ANOVA and Bonferroni post test (***p < .001, **p < .01 tested vs. untreated group; +++p < .001 tested within group vs. z-VAD-fmk).