Fig. 7.

Activation of adhesion molecules. hCMEC/D3 cells were seeded in the presence of a single LtxA dose or buffer (long-term) or confluent hCMEC/D3 monolayers were treated with LtxA or buffer for 16 h (short-term). When untreated cells reached confluency (long-term), or after overnight stimulation (short-term), cells were harvested and stained for cellular adhesion molecules CD54 (ICAM-1) or CD106 (VCAM-1). Percentages of CD54 or CD106 positive cells as well as CD54 and CD106 mean fluorescence intensity are shown for untreated, buffer-treated, or LtxA-treated cells. Data represents means and SEM. ANOVA was used for each treatment group. * refers to the short-term treatment groups, + refers to the long-term treatment groups. Figure shows significances for testing against buffer-treated group only. */+p < .05, **/++p < .01, ***/+++p < .001.