Table 5.
Significantly changed urine metabolites
| Metabolite |
Percentage difference |
Relative Standard Deviation (%) |
||||||||||
| CD vs UC | CD active vs UC active | IBD active vs control | IBD remission vs control | IBD active vs IBD remission | CD | CD active | UC | UC active | IBD active | IBD remission | Control | |
| Citrate | 6.9 | -4.0 | -32.7c | -47.6ac | 28.3 | 73.2 | 72.8 | 91.4 | 111.7 | 90.4 | 45.1 | 57.8 |
| Hippurate | 7.2 | 29.7 | -53.3ac | -35.1c | -28.1 | 66.6 | 61.3 | 123.5 | 70.7 | 64.9 | 122.9 | 78.4 |
| Glycine | 23.3 | 11.4 | 12.6 | -29.8a | 60.3ac | 43.6 | 40.1 | 47.9 | 45.9 | 42.0 | 36.3 | 50.3 |
| Alanine | -0.2 | -12.2 | -9.1 | -30.3ac | 30.3 | 36.8 | 36.0 | 47.7 | 49.4 | 42.8 | 34.9 | 51.7 |
| Formate | 2.9 | 1.5 | -17.0 | -30.6ac | 19.5 | 47.1 | 42.1 | 37.4 | 37.2 | 39.4 | 45.3 | 38.8 |
| Trigonelline | -10.2 | 139.6 | -73.5ac | -51.7 | -45.1 | 148.3 | 144.8 | 137.4 | 64.3 | 150.8 | 121.9 | 133.7 |
| Acetoacetate | -6.2 | 82.2 | 7.8 | 85.1c | -41.7c | 125.9 | 133.8 | 122.5 | 58.0 | 129.3 | 108.4 | 92.3 |
| Taurine | 7.0 | 21.7 | -28.1ac | -31.8ac | 5.5 | 66.5 | 66.1 | 35.1 | 35.0 | 57.8 | 38.3 | 41.4 |
| Succinate | 2.3 | -11.4 | -63.7ac | -51.8ac | -24.7 | 128.9 | 120.5 | 93.6 | 95.4 | 107.4 | 111.1 | 74.1 |
| 2-hydroxyisobutyrate | 17.3 | 30.2 | -68.1c | -66.8 | -3.9 | 41.5 | 44.9 | 38.4 | 31.4 | 42.9 | 37.2 | 256.5 |
| Unk2 with 4-hydroxyphenyl group δ 6.85 ppm | 0.8 | -5.0 | 78.5ac | 33.1 | 34.1 | 63.8 | 62.2 | 73.0 | 81.9 | 70.4 | 53.3 | 45.3 |
Percentage difference was calculated based on the mean values of relative signal integrals in each group. The calculations were made from left to right, e.g., a positive value in IBD active vs Control means that a particular metabolite exhibits higher concentration in patients with active IBD compared to the Control group,
a
P < 0.05 using the Student's t test,
c
P < 0.05 using the Mann-Whitney-Wilcoxon test. CD: Crohn’s disease; UC: Ulcerative colitis; IBD: Inflammatory bowel diseases; Unk2: Unknown metabolite.