Table 3.
Bivariate and multivariate associations (odds ratios) between DSM-IV mental disorders and the subsequent onset of heart disease.
| Bivariate Models† | Multivariate Type Model‡ |
Multivariate Number Model§ |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | (95% C.I.) | OR | (95% C.I.) | OR | (95% C.I.) | |
| I. Mood disorders | ||||||
| Major Depressive Episode/ Dysthymia | 1.5* | (1.3–1.7) | 1.3* | (1.1–1.4) | - | - |
| Bipolar Disorder (Broad) | 1.6* | (1.1–2.4) | 1.0 | (0.6–1.5) | - | - |
| II. Anxiety disorders | ||||||
| Panic Disorder | 2.1* | (1.6–2.8) | 1.5* | (1.1–1.9) | - | - |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder | 1.4* | (1.1–1.7) | 0.9 | (0.8–1.2) | - | - |
| Social Phobia | 1.5* | (1.3–1.9) | 1.1 | (0.9–1.4) | - | - |
| Specific Phobia | 1.9* | (1.6–2.2) | 1.6* | (1.3–1.9) | - | - |
| Agoraphobia without Panic | 1.3 | (0.9–2.1) | 0.9 | (0.6–1.5) | - | - |
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder | 2.0* | (1.5–2.5) | 1.5* | (1.1–2.0) | - | - |
| Obsessive Compulsive Disorder | 1.7* | (1.1–2.7) | 1.3 | (0.8–2.1) | - | - |
| III. Impulse-control disorders | ||||||
| Intermittent Explosive Disorder | 1.7* | (1.1–2.5) | 1.2 | (0.8–1.8) | - | - |
| Binge Eating Disorder | 1.7 | (1.0–3.0) | 1.2 | (0.6–2.2) | - | - |
| Bulimia Nervosa | 2.1* | (1.0–4.3) | 1.1 | (0.5–2.5) | - | - |
| IV. Substance disorders | ||||||
| Alcohol Abuse | 1.8* | (1.5–2.1) | 1.4* | (1.1–1.7) | - | - |
| Alcohol Dependence with Abuse | 2.5* | (2.0–3.3) | 1.5* | (1.1–2.1) | - | - |
| Drug Abuse | 2.1* | (1.5–3.0) | 1.3 | (0.9–2.0) | - | - |
| Drug Dependence with Abuse | 2.0* | (1.3–3.1) | 0.7 | (0.4–1.2) | - | - |
| Joint effect of all types of disorders, χ216 | 209.6* | |||||
| Difference between types of disorders, χ215 | 29.2* | |||||
| V. Number of disorders | ||||||
| Exactly 1 disorder | - | - | - | - | 1.5* | (1.3–1.7) |
| Exactly 2 disorders | - | - | - | - | 1.8* | (1.5–2.1) |
| Exactly 3 disorders | - | - | - | - | 2.3* | (1.7–2.9) |
| Exactly 4 disorders | - | - | - | - | 2.4* | (1.8–3.3) |
| 5+ disorders | - | - | - | - | 3.0* | (2.1–4.1) |
| Joint effect of number of disorders, χ25 | 131.8* | |||||
*
Significant at the 0.05 level, two-tailed test.
†
Bivariate models: each mental disorder type was estimated as a predictor of the physical condition onset in a separate discrete time survival model controlling for age cohorts, gender, person-year and country.
‡
Multivariate Type model: the model was estimated with dummy variables for all mental disorders entered simultaneously, including the controls specified above.
§
Multivariate Number model: the model was estimated with dummy predictors for number of mental disorders without any information about type of mental disorders, including the controls specified above.