Table 3.

Summary of causes of AKI defined etiologically

Pre-renal	Intrinsic renal disease	Post-renal
Hypovolemia, for example, hemorrhage, diarrhea, vomiting	Ischemia from prolonged hypoperfusion	Obstructive causes, for example, prostatic hypertrophy, renal stones, urethral strictures, pelvic masses
Hypotension, for example, sepsis	Glomerular disease, for example, glomerulonephritis, TTP, DIC
Low cardiac output state, for example, CCF, cardiac tamponade	Nephrotoxins, for example, aminoglycosides, NSAIDs, radiological contrast
Impaired renal autoregulation, for example, renal artery stenosis, ACEi/ARB/NSAIDs	Metabolic abnormalities, for example, hypercalcemia
	Rhabdomyolysis, for example, crush injuries, burns

ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin recreptor blocker; CCF, congestive cardiac failure; DIC, disseminated intravascular coagulation; TTP, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.