Figure 2.

The precision of the dung beetle celestial compass at different elevations of the sun. The orientation error of the dung beetle celestial compass was determined by letting 60 beetles roll out twice from the centre to the edge of the arena at different elevations of the sun: (a) 75–78° (high elevations), (b) 45–60° (medium elevations) and (c) 15–30° (low elevations). The angular difference between the two bearings was calculated (black arrows) and used to define the absolute orientation errors at the three different ranges of solar elevations (a–c). Numbers in text and figure show mean ± s.e.m.