Table 1.
Alpine species used in the germination experiments, their family affiliation, description of the dispersal units, and the germination experiments conducted for each species. Seeds without storage were tested under long-day conditions (FRESHLD) or in darkness (FRESHdark). Cold-wet storage was applied either on seeds after a short period (max. 10 weeks) of cold-dry storage (CWSfresh) or subsequent to a germination experiment on fresh seeds using any remaining viable seeds (CWSsubs). For cold-dry storage, fresh seeds were used (CDSfresh). The effect of scarification was tested on seeds without storage (FRESHSC) and following cold-dry storage (CDSsc). For details of collection year, storage period, starting time, and incubation period of germination experiments, number of replicates, and number of seeds per replicate see Appendix A.
| Species | Family | Dispersal units | Germination experiments |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| FRESHLD | FRESHdark | FRESHsc | CWSfresh | CWSsubs | CDSfresh | CDSsc | |||
| Achillea moschata | Asteraceae | Fruits (single-seeded achenes) | X | X | – | X | – | X | – |
| Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpicolaa | Fabaceae | Fruits (mostly single-seeded siliculae)b | X | X | X | X | – | X | X |
| Arabis caerulea | Brassicaceae | Winged seeds | X | – | – | – | X | X | – |
| Arenaria ciliata | Caryophyllaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Artemisia genipi | Asteraceae | Fruits (single-seeded achenes) | X | X | – | X | – | X | – |
| Campanula scheuchzeri | Campanulaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | |
| Carex bicolor | Cyperaceae | Fruits (single-seeded nutlets with utriculus) | X | – | – | – | X | X | – |
| Cerastium uniflorum | Caryophyllaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | X | – |
| Comastoma tenellum | Gentianaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Draba aizoides | Brassicaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Draba dubia | Brassicaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Draba hoppeana | Brassicaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Epilobium fleischeri | Onagraceae | Plumed seeds | X | – | – | – | – | X | – |
| Erigeron uniflorus | Asteraceae | Fruits (single-seeded achenes with pappus) | X | – | – | – | – | X | – |
| Gentiana orbicularis | Gentianaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Geum reptans | Rosaceae | Fruits (single-seeded nutlets with elongated hairy style) | X | X | – | X | – | X | – |
| Leontodon hispidus | Asteraceae | Fruits (single-seeded achenes with pappus) | X | – | – | – | – | X | – |
| Linaria alpina | Antirrhinaceae | Winged seeds | X | X | – | X | – | – | – |
| Minuartia gerardii | Caryophyllaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Oxyria digyna | Polygonaceae | Fruits (single-seeded achenes with wings) | X | X | – | X | – | X | – |
| Poa alpina | Poaceae | Fruits (single-seeded caryopses, in part attached to glumes)c | X | X | – | – | – | X | – |
| Potentilla aurea | Rosaceae | Fruits (single-seeded nutlets) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Potentilla frigida | Rosaceae | Fruits (single-seeded nutlets) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Ranunculus glacialis | Ranunculaceae | Fruits (single-seeded nutlets) | X | – | – | – | X | – | – |
| Saxifraga aizoides | Saxifragaceae | Seeds | X | X | – | X | – | X | – |
| Saxifraga oppositifolia | Saxifragaceae | Seeds | X | X | – | X | – | – | – |
| Silene acaulis subsp. exscapad | Caryophyllaceae | Seeds | X | – | – | – | – | X | – |
| Trifolium pallescens | Fabaceae | Seeds | X | X | X | X | – | X | X |
Nomenclature follows Fischer et al. (2008).
To improve readability, we use Anthyllis alpicola.
To test the effect of scarification, fruit coat was removed and scarified seeds were used.
For germination experiments, all glumes were removed.
To improve readability, we use Silene exscapa.