Table 3.
Comparison of overall infection rates for intestinal parasites stratified by characteristics of participants in a study of intestinal parasite co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis cases without HIV infection in a rural county in China*
| Variable | PC group (n = 369) | HC group (n = 366) | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | No. infections | Infection rate (95% CI) | No. | No. infections | Infection rate (95% CI) | |||
| Sex | ||||||||
| M | 249 | 31 | 12.4% (8.6–17.2%) | 232 | 38 | 16.4% (11.8–21.8%) | 0.73 (0.44–1.21) | 0.63 (0.34–1.15) |
| F | 120 | 24 | 20.0% (13.2–28.3%) | 134 | 23 | 17.2% (11.2–24.6%) | 1.21 (0.64–2.27) | 1.43 (0.66–3.07) |
| Age (years) | ||||||||
| ≤ 60 | 164 | 20 | 12.2% (7.6–18.2%) | 187 | 29 | 15.5% (10.6–21.5%) | 0.76 (0.41–1.40) | 0.92 (0.44–1.91) |
| > 60 | 205 | 35 | 17.1% (12.2–22.9%) | 179 | 32 | 17.9% (12.6–24.3%) | 0.94 (0.56–1.60) | 0.88 (0.48–1.63) |
| Education | ||||||||
| Elementary school and above | 185 | 26 | 14.0% (9.4–19.9%) | 206 | 34 | 16.5% (11.7–22.3%) | 0.83 (0.48–1.44) | 0.83 (0.43–1.59) |
| Illiterate | 184 | 29 | 15.8% (10.8–21.8%) | 160 | 27 | 16.9% (11.4–32.6%) | 0.92 (0.52–1.63) | 0.90 (0.44–1.84) |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Other | 81 | 8 | 9.9% (4.4–18.5%) | 67 | 12 | 17.9% (9.6–29.2%) | 0.50 (0.19–1.31) | 0.51 (0.14–1.82) |
| Married | 288 | 47 | 16.3% (12.2–21.1%) | 299 | 49 | 16.4% (12.4–21.1%) | 1.00 (0.64–1.54) | 1.02 (0.62–1.68) |
| BMI | ||||||||
| > 19 | 160 | 14 | 8.8% (4.9–14.2%) | 228 | 35 | 15.4% (10.9–20.7%) | 0.53 (0.27–1.02) | 0.57 (0.27–1.21) |
| ≤ 19 | 209 | 41 | 19.6% (14.4–25.6%) | 138 | 26 | 18.8% (12.7–26.4%) | 1.05 (0.61–1.82) | 1.23 (0.66–2.31) |
| Anemia | ||||||||
| No | 287 | 33 | 11.5% (8.0–15.8%) | 283 | 37 | 13.1% (9.4–17.6%) | 0.86 (0.52–1.42) | 0.84 (0.47–1.48) |
| Yes | 82 | 22 | 26.8% (17.6–37.8%) | 83 | 24 | 28.9% (19.5–39.9%) | 0.90 (0.46–1.78) | 0.73 (0.29–1.82) |
| No. cutting boards in kitchen | ||||||||
| > 1 | 20 | 2 | 10.0% (1.2–31.7%) | 25 | 3 | 12.0% (2.5–31.2%) | 0.81 (0.12–5.42) | NA |
| 1 | 349 | 53 | 15.2% (11.6–19.4%) | 341 | 58 | 17.0% (13.2–21.4%) | 0.87 (0.58–1.31) | 0.88 (0.55–1.39) |
| No. cooking knives in kitchen | ||||||||
| > 1 | 116 | 16 | 13.8% (8.1–21.4%) | 117 | 12 | 10.2% (5.4–17.2%) | 1.40 (0.63–3.11) | 1.23 (0.47–3.22) |
| 1 | 253 | 39 | 15.4% (11.2–20.5%) | 249 | 49 | 19.7% (14.9–25.2%) | 0.74 (0.47–1.18) | 0.77 (0.45–1.34) |
| Washed fruits and vegetables before eating raw | ||||||||
| Often or always | 181 | 20 | 11.0% (6.9–16.5%) | 212 | 27 | 12.7% (8.6–18.0%) | 0.85 (0.46–1.58) | 0.97 (0.48–1.96) |
| Never or occasionally | 188 | 35 | 18.6% (13.3–24.9%) | 154 | 34 | 22.1% (15.8–29.4%) | 0.81 (0.48–1.37) | 0.91 (0.46–1.80) |
| Ever walked barefoot | ||||||||
| No | 162 | 20 | 12.4% (7.7–18.4%) | 200 | 26 | 13.0% (8.7–18.5%) | 0.94 (0.50–1.76) | 0.98 (0.49–1.97) |
| Yes | 207 | 35 | 16.9% (12.1–22.7%) | 166 | 35 | 21.1% (15.1–28.1%) | 0.76 (0.45–1.28) | 0.95 (0.45–2.02) |
| Washed hands before meals | ||||||||
| Often or always | 222 | 26 | 11.7% (7.8–16.7%) | 262 | 34 | 13.0% (9.2–17.6%) | 0.89 (0.52–1.53) | 0.86 (0.47–1.58) |
| Never or occasionally | 147 | 29 | 19.7% (13.6–27.0%) | 104 | 27 | 26.0% (17.8–35.5%) | 0.70 (0.38–1.27) | 1.01 (0.41–2.51) |
| Washed hands after defecating | ||||||||
| Often or always | 201 | 24 | 11.9% (7.8–17.2%) | 260 | 35 | 13.5% (9.6–18.2%) | 0.87 (0.50–1.52) | 0.88 (0.48–1.63) |
| Never or occasionally | 168 | 31 | 18.4% (12.9–25.2%) | 106 | 26 | 24.5% (16.7–33.8%) | 0.70 (0.39–1.26) | 1.00 (0.41–2.40) |
| Raised pets | ||||||||
| No | 145 | 14 | 9.7% (5.4–15.7%) | 146 | 19 | 13.0% (8.0–19.6%) | 0.71 (0.34–1.48) | 0.72 (0.30–1.75) |
| Yes | 224 | 41 | 18.3% (13.5–24.0%) | 220 | 42 | 19.1% (14.1–24.9%) | 0.95 (0.59–1.53) | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) |
| Raised poultry or livestock | ||||||||
| No | 128 | 11 | 8.6% (4.4–14.8%) | 132 | 16 | 12.1% (7.1–18.9%) | 0.68 (0.30–1.53) | 0.97 (0.34–2.71) |
| Yes | 241 | 44 | 18.3% (13.6–23.7%) | 234 | 45 | 19.2% (14.4–24.9%) | 0.94 (0.59–1.49) | 0.91 (0.53–1.56) |
| Annual labor time in farmlands, months | ||||||||
| ≤ 2 | 268 | 32 | 11.9% (8.3–16.4%) | 182 | 20 | 11.0% (6.8–16.4%) | 1.10 (0.61–1.99) | 1.11 (0.58–2.15) |
| > 2 | 101 | 23 | 22.8% (15.0–32.2%) | 184 | 41 | 22.3% (16.5–29.0%) | 1.03 (0.58–1.84) | 0.59 (0.26–1.31) |
| Ever labored barefoot in farmlands | ||||||||
| No | 241 | 26 | 10.8% (7.2–15.4%) | 221 | 29 | 13.1% (9.0–18.3%) | 0.80 (0.46–1.41) | 0.86 (0.46–1.60) |
| Yes | 128 | 29 | 22.6% (15.7–30.9%) | 145 | 32 | 22.1% (15.6–29.7%) | 1.03 (0.58–1.83) | 1.03 (0.45–2.36) |
*
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; PC = pulmonary tuberculosis case; HC = healthy control; CI = confidence interval, OR = odds ratio; BMI = body mass index; NA = not applicable.
†
Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, hygienic habits, and labor in farmlands.