Table 4.
Risk factors for infection with any and all intestinal parasites, stratified by study groups, in a study of intestinal parasite co-infection among pulmonary tuberculosis cases without HIV infection in a rural county in China*
| Variable | PC group (n = 369) | HC group (n = 366) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† | OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI)† | |
| Sex | ||||
| M | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| F | 1.76 (0.98–3.15) | 2.05 (1.01–4.17) | 1.06 (0.60–1.87) | 1.22 (0.60–2.46) |
| Age (years) | ||||
| ≤ 60 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 60 | 1.48 (0.82–2.68) | 1.59 (0.75–3.35) | 1.19 (0.68–2.06) | 1.58 (0.77–3.24) |
| Education | ||||
| Elementary school and above | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Illiterate | 1.14 (0.64–2.03) | 0.77 (0.37–1.60) | 1.03 (0.59–1.79) | 0.70 (0.34–1.44) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Other | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Married | 1.78 (0.80–3.94) | 2.00 (0.78–5.15) | 0.90 (0.45–1.80) | 0.82 (0.36–1.86) |
| BMI | ||||
| > 19 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| ≤ 19 | 2.54 (1.33–4.86) | 3.02 (1.47–6.20) | 1.28 (0.73–2.24) | 1.35 (0.72–2.54) |
| Anemia | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.82 (1.54–5.18) | 2.43 (1.17–5.03) | 2.70 (1.50–4.86) | 1.85 (0.94–3.62) |
| No. cutting boards in kitchen | ||||
| > 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 1.61 (0.36–7.15) | 1.44 (0.26–8.07) | 1.50 (0.44–5.19) | 1.12 (0.23–5.52) |
| No. cooking knives in kitchen | ||||
| > 1 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 1 | 1.14 (0.61–2.14) | 0.84 (0.36–1.92) | 2.14 (1.09–4.21) | 1.84 (0.76–4.44) |
| Washed fruits and vegetables before eating raw | ||||
| Often or always | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Never or occasionally | 1.84 (1.02–3.33) | 1.39 (0.54–3.58) | 1.94 (1.11–3.38) | 1.64 (0.64–4.23) |
| Ever walked barefoot | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 1.44 (0.80–2.61) | 0.75 (0.22–2.59) | 1.79 (1.02–3.12) | 0.60 (0.21–1.67) |
| Washed hands before meals | ||||
| Often or always | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Never or occasionally | 1.85 (1.04–3.30) | 1.69 (0.36–7.92) | 2.35 (1.33–4.15) | 5.41 (0.46–63.03) |
| Washed hands after defecating | ||||
| Often or always | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Never or occasionally | 1.67 (0.94–2.97) | 1.71 (0.28–10.29) | 2.09 (1.18–3.69) | 0.74 (0.07–7.65) |
| Raised pets | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.10 (1.10–4.00) | 1.21 (0.59–2.51) | 1.58 (0.88–2.84) | 1.17 (0.60–2.27) |
| Raised poultry or livestock | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.38 (1.18–4.78) | 1.51 (0.69–3.31) | 1.73 (0.93–3.19) | 1.26 (0.64–2.50) |
| Annual labor time in farmlands, months | ||||
| ≤ 2 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| > 2 | 2.17 (1.20–3.94) | 1.99 (0.92–4.30) | 2.32 (1.30–4.15) | 4.50 (2.03–10.00) |
| Ever labored barefoot in farmlands | ||||
| No | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Yes | 2.42 (1.36–4.33) | 1.52 (0.67–3.43) | 1.87 (1.08–3.26) | 0.93 (0.42–2.08) |
*
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; PC = pulmonary tuberculosis case; HC = healthy control; OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; BMI = body mass index.
†
Adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, health conditions, hygienic habits, and labor in farmlands.