Table 1.
Demographic, clinical, and laboratory features of studied children
| BC- and PCR-positive | BC-positive and PCR-negative | BC-negative and PCR-positive | BC- and PCR-negative (clinical typhoid) | BC- and PCR-negative (not typhoid) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 10 | 14 | 8 | 12 | 456 |
| Age (years) | 5.8 (3.3–12.5) | 9.3 (4.6–12.9) | 0.9 (0.7–2.7) | 8.1 (4.8–11.2) | 2.4 (1.0–7.5) |
| Sex (male) | 5 (50) | 5 (36) | 4 (50) | 8 (68) | 242 (53) |
| Duration of illness | 5.0 (5.0–7.0) | 6.0 (4.0–10.0) | 2.0 (2.0–3.0) | 6.5 (3.5–10.0) | 3.0 (2.0–5.0) |
| Previous antibiotics | 7 (70) | 6 (43) | 2 (25) | 5 (42) | 69 (15) |
| Headache | 5 (50) | 8 (57) | 0 (0) | 8 (67) | 94 (21) |
| Abdominal pain | 8 (80) | 9 (64) | 1 (13) | 9 (75) | 111 (24) |
| Diarrhea | 2 (20) | 5 (36) | 7 (88) | 5 (42) | 154 (32) |
| Constipation | 2 (20) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (8) | 24 (5) |
| Vomiting | 5 (50) | 8 (57) | 4 (50) | 6 (50) | 210 (46) |
| Cough | 1 (10) | 4 (29) | 7 (88) | 4 (33) | 245 (54) |
| Shortness of breath | 0 (0) | 3 (21) | 2 (25) | 0 (0) | 191 (42) |
| Rigors | 3 (30) | 5 (36) | 0 (0) | 3 (25) | 28 (6) |
| Temperature ≥ 39°C | 6 (60) | 6 (43) | 1 (13) | 5 (42) | 133 (29) |
| Jaundice | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (13) | 1 (8) | 14 (3) |
| Hepatomegaly | 6 (60) | 5 (36) | 1 (13) | 2 (17) | 117 (26) |
| Splenomegaly | 1 (10) | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 22 (5) |
| Altered consciousness | 0 (0) | 2 (14) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 61 (13) |
| Hemoglobin (g/dL) | 8.0 (6.6–9.3) | 9.5 (7.3–10.3) | 10.1 (9.0–11.9) | 8.8 (7.1–11.0) | 9.9 (8.6–11.2) |
| White cell count (×109/L) | 4.4 (4.0–7.0) | 6.0 (5.1–9.7) | 10.7 (9.6–14.4) | 8.6 (6.3–11.2) | 12.4 (7.7–17.5) |
| Neutrophils (%) | 3.4 (2.1–4.1) | 4.2 (2.9–6.2) | 7.1 (4.8–8.8) | 5.9 (4.3–6.6) | 7.1 (4.3–12.1) |
| Lymphocytes (×109/L) | 1.9 (1.0–2.6) | 1.5 (0.9–2.2) | 3.8 (2.7–6) | 2.2 (1.1–4.0) | 2.8 (1.6–5) |
| Monocytes (×109/L)* | 0.3 (0.1–0.6) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.7 (0.1–1.1) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.6 (0.3–1.0) |
| Eosinophils (×109/L)* | 0 | 0 | 0 (0–0.2) | 0 | 0 |
| Platelet count (×106/L) | 162 (128–213) | 292 (186–328) | 356 (300–482.5) | 313 (241–486.5) | 328 (222–466) |
| Volume of blood taken for culture (mL) | 2.0 (1.8–2.3) | 2.1 (1.9–2.2) | 2.1 (1.9–2.9) | 1.7 (1.5–2.6) | 2.0 (1.6–2.5) |
Proportions are expressed as number (%), and continuous variables are expressed as median (interquartile range). BC = blood culture.
*
These results were from 491 samples available for analysis.