Table 4.

Adjusted Associations Between Postvoid Residual (PVR) Volumes and Urinary Symptoms^*

Urinary symptom	PVR=50–99 vs PVR<50 mL		PVR=100–199 vs PVR<50 mL		PVR≥200 vs PVR<50 mL
	OR (95% CI)†	P	OR (95% CI)†	P	OR (95% CI)†	P
Urgency incontinence‡	0.98 (0.76 – 1.27)	.90	1.15 (0.84–1.57)	.38	1.50 (1.03–2.18)	.03
Stress incontinence§	0.96 (0.74–1.25)	.75	0.93 (0.70–1.23)	.62	1.34 (0.88–2.02)	.17
Daytime frequency¶	1.31 (1.00–1.71)	.05	1.42 (1.07–1.87)	.01	1.30 (0.79–2.14)	.30
Nocturnal frequency#	1.23 (0.98–1.55)	.07	1.21 (0.92–1.61)	.18	1.15 (0.81–1.63)	.43

^*Urinary symptom categories were not mutually exclusive, in that participants could report more than one type of urinary symptom at each visit. Each type of symptom reported was considered as an independent outcome with its own relationship to PVR volume.

^†Odds ratios were obtained from generalized estimating equation logistic regression models that examined relationships between PVR volume and urinary symptoms at each visit, incorporating data from all study visits (baseline, year 1, and year 2), and accounting for within-participant correlation across visits. Multiple imputation was used to address attrition and missing data, while also adjusting for age, race, body mass index, current use of diuretics, history of any surgery to the urinary tract, and diabetes.

^‡Defined as at least weekly urine leakage occurring at least occasionally when participants felt the urge to urinate but could not reach a bathroom in time.

^§Defined as at least weekly urine leakage occurring at least occasionally when participants laughed or coughed, or during physical activities.

^¶Defined as having to urinate more than 8 times while awake during an average day, in the absence of a urinary tract infection.

^#Defined as awakening to urinate more than once during the night in the absence of a urinary tract infection.