Measurements of (A) intima fractional thickness (analysis of variance [ANOVA], P < 0.001), (B) media fractional thickness (ANOVA, P = NS), and (C) adventitia fractional thickness (ANOVA, P = NS) in control subjects (CTL) and in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) on stratification into different histologic subgroups (idiopathic PAH [IPAH]-like pattern, associated PAH [APAH]–collagen vascular disease [CVD]-like pattern, or venoocclusive disease [VOD]-like pattern). Measurements were made using digital imaging of circular profiles of pulmonary arteries. (D) Measurement of intima fractional thickness in familial PAH and IPAH lungs of patients with (n = 4) or without identified BMPRII mutations (n = 34; Student t test). *P < 0.05, ****P < 0.001.